Sai Baba of Shirdi |
Photograph of Sai Baba (c. 1915)
|
Religion |
Hinduism |
Philosophy |
Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Karma Yoga[1] |
Personal |
Nationality |
Indian |
Resting place |
Samadhi in Shirdi |
Disciple(s) |
Mahalsapathi, Madhav Rao (shama), Nanasaheb peshway, Bayijabai,
Tatya Kote Patil, Kakasaheb Dixit, Radhakrishnamaai, Hemadpant, Bhuti,
Das Ganu, Lakshmi Bai, Nanavali, Upasni Maharaj, Abdul Baba,
Sapatanekar, Nanasaheb Chandodkar, B.V. Narashima Swamiji |
Quotation
- Shraddha - Saburi (faith - patience)
- Sab kaa malik ek (everyone's master is one)
Sai Baba of Shirdi, also known as
Shirdi Sai Baba was an
Indian spiritual leader who is regarded by his devotees as a
saint, a
fakir, a
satguru and an incarnation (
avatar) of God. He was revered by both his
Hindu and
Muslim devotees during, as well as after his life.
[2][3]
According to accounts from his life, he preached the importance of
realization of the self, and criticized
love towards perishable things.
His teachings concentrate on a moral code of love, forgiveness, helping
others, charity, contentment, inner peace, and devotion to the God and
guru. He stressed the importance of surrender to the true
Satguru, who, having trod the path to divine consciousness, will lead the disciple through the jungle of spiritual training.
[4]
Sai Baba also condemned distinction based on religion or caste. It
remains unclear if he was a Muslim or a Hindu. This, however, was of no
consequence to Sai Baba.
[5] His teaching combined elements of
Hinduism and
Islam: he gave the Hindu name
Dwarakamayi to the mosque in which he lived,
[6] practised both Hindu and Muslim rituals, taught using words and figures that drew from both traditions, and took
samadhi in
Shirdi. One of his well-known epigrams, '
Allah Malik' ('God is King') and '
Sabka Malik Ek' ('One God governs all'), is associated with both
Hinduism and
Islam. He is also known to have said '
Listen to me and your prayer shall be answered'.[4]
Background
Sai Baba was born in
Pathri, district
Parbhani,
Maharashtra.
Shri Sai Janmasthan Temple is a temple built in his birthplace.
[7][8] Some people believe that he was born on September 28, 1835, though there is no definitive information to prove it
Sai Baba's real name remains unknown. The name 'Sai' was given to him when he arrived at
Shirdi, a town now in the west Indian state of Maharashtra. The word 'Sai' refers to a religious mendicant
[9]
but can also mean'God'. In several Indian and Middle Eastern languages
the term 'Baba' is an honorific signifying grandfather, father, old man
or sir. Thus Sai Baba denotes
holy father,
saintly father or (venerable) poor old man.
[5]
Some of Sai Baba's disciples became famous as spiritual figures and saints, such as Mahalsapati, a priest of the
Khandoba
temple in Shirdi, and Upasni Maharaj. He was revered by other saints as
well, such as Saint Bidkar Maharaj, Saint Gangagir, Saint Janakidas
Maharaj, and Sati Godavari Mataji.
[10][11] Sai Baba referred to several saints as 'my brothers', especially the disciples of
Swami Samartha of Akkalkot.
[11]
Early years
Shirdi Sai Baba (right) and some of his devotees at Dwarakamai, his own
Temple.
Shirdi Sai Baba with some devotees
According to the book
Sai Satcharita, Sai Baba arrived at the village of
Shirdi in the
Ahmednagar District,
British India when he was about 16 years old. He led an ascetic life, sitting motionless under a
Neem tree and
meditated while sitting in an
Asana. The
Shri Sai Satcharita recounts the reaction of the villagers:
The people of the village were wonderstruck to see such a young lad
practicing hard penance, never minding the heat or cold. By day he
associated with no one, by night he was afraid of nobody.[12]
His presence attracted the curiosity of the villagers, and he was
regularly visited by the religiously inclined, including Mahalsapati,
Appa Jogle and Kashinatha. Some considered him mad and threw stones at
him.
[13] Sai Baba left the village, and little is known about him after that.
There are some indications that he met with many saints and fakirs, and worked as a weaver.
[citation needed] He claimed to have been with the army of
Rani Lakshmibai of
Jhansi during the
Indian Rebellion of 1857.
[14]
It is generally accepted that Sai Baba stayed in Shirdi for three
years, disappeared for a year, and returned permanently around 1858,
which suggests a birth year of 1838.
[15]
Return to Shirdi
Sai
Baba returned to Shirdi in 1858. Around this time he adopted his famous
style of dressing, consisting of a knee-length one-piece
Kafni robe
and a cloth cap. Ramgir Bua, a devotee, testified that Sai Baba was
dressed like an athlete and sported 'long hair flowing down to the end
of his spine' when he arrived in Shirdi, and that he never had his head
shaved. It was only after Baba forfeited a wrestling match with one
Mohiddin Tamboli that he took up the kafni and cloth cap, articles of
typical Sufi clothing.
[16]
This attire contributed to Baba's identification as a Muslim fakir and
was a reason for initial indifference and hostility against him in a
predominantly Hindu village.
[17]
For four to five years, Baba lived under a
neem
tree and often wandered for long periods in the jungle around Shirdi.
His manner was said to be withdrawn and uncommunicative as he undertook
long periods of meditation.
[18]
He was eventually persuaded to take up residence in an old and
dilapidated mosque and lived a solitary life there, surviving by begging
for
alms, and receiving itinerant Hindu or Muslim visitors. In the mosque he maintained a sacred fire which is referred to as a
dhuni, from which he gave sacred ashes ('Udhi') to his guests before they left. The ash was believed to have healing and
apotropaic powers. He performed the function of a local
hakim
and treated the sick by application of ashes. Sai Baba also delivered
spiritual teachings to his visitors, recommending the reading of the
Ramayan and
Bhagavat Gita for
Hindus and
Qur'an for Muslims. He insisted on the indispensability of the unbroken remembrance of God's name (
dhikr, and often expressed himself in a cryptic manner with the use of
parables,
symbols and
allegories.
[19]
After 1910, Sai Baba's fame began to spread in
Mumbai.
[20][21] Numerous people started visiting him, because they regarded him as a saint with the power of performing miracles or even as an
avatar.
[22] They built his first temple at
Bhivpuri,
Karjat.
[23]
Teachings and practices
Shirdi Sai Baba, leaning against the wall of his
masjid, with devotees
Sai Baba opposed all persecution based on religion or
caste. He was an opponent of religious orthodoxy — Christian, Hindu and Muslim.
[24]
Sai Baba encouraged his devotees to pray, chant God's name, and read holy scriptures. He told Muslims to study the
Qur'an and Hindus to study texts such as the
Ramayana,
Bhagavad Gita, and
Yoga Vasistha.
[25] He was impressed by the philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita and encouraged people to follow it in their own lives.
[26]
He advised his devotees and followers to lead a moral life, help
others, love every living being without any discrimination, and develop
two important features of character: devotion to the Guru (
Sraddha) and waiting cheerfully with patience and love (
Saburi). He criticised
atheism.
[27]
In his teachings, Sai Baba emphasised the importance of performing
one's duties without attachment to earthly matters and of being content
regardless of the situation. In his personal practice, Sai Baba observed
worship procedures belonging to Islam; he shunned any kind of regular
rituals but allowed the practice of
Salah, chanting of
Al-Fatiha, and Qur'an readings at Muslim festival times.
[28] Occasionally reciting the Al-Fatiha, Baba enjoyed listening to
mawlid and
qawwali accompanied with the
tabla and
sarangi twice daily.
[29]
Sai Baba interpreted the religious texts of both Islam and Hinduism.
He explained the meaning of the Hindu scriptures in the spirit of
Advaita Vedanta. His philosophy also had numerous elements of
bhakti. The three main Hindu spiritual paths —
Bhakti Yoga,
Jnana Yoga, and
Karma Yoga — influenced his teachings.
[1]
Sai Baba encouraged charity and stressed the importance of sharing.
He said: "Unless there is some relationship or connection, nobody goes
anywhere. If any men or creatures come to you, do not discourteously
drive them away, but receive them well and treat them with due respect.
Shri
Hari
(God) will certainly be pleased if you give water to the thirsty, bread
to the hungry, clothes to the naked, and your verandah to strangers for
sitting and resting. If anybody wants any money from you and you are not
inclined to give, do not give, but do not bark at him like a dog."
[30]
Worship and devotees
The
Shirdi Sai Baba movement began in the 19th century,
[31] while he was living in
Shirdi. A local
Khandoba priest, Mhalsapati Nagre, is believed to have been his first devotee.
[32][33]
In the 19th century, Sai Baba's followers were only a small group of
inhabitants of Shirdi, and a few people from other parts of India.
[21]
Because of Sai Baba,
Shirdi has become a place of importance and is counted among the major Hindu places of pilgrimage.
[34][35] The first Sai Baba temple is situated at
Kudal,
Sindhudurg.
This temple was built in 1922. It is believed that Sai Baba gave one
Rupee to Dada Madye ji with which he built the temple in Kudal. The Sai
Baba Temple in
Shirdi is visited by an average of 25,000 pilgrims a day, and during religious festivals, this number can reach up to 1,00,000.
[36] Shirdi Sai Baba is especially revered and worshiped in the states of
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana,
Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu and
Gujarat.
In August 2012, an unidentified devotee, for the first time, donated
two expensive diamonds valuing ₹11.8 million at the Shirdi temple, as
revealed by Saibaba trust officials.
[37]
In recent years, the
Shirdi Sai movement has spread to the
Caribbean and to countries such as the
Nepal,
Canada,
United States,
Australia,
United Arab Emirates,
Malaysia,
United Kingdom,
[38][39][40] Germany,
France and
Singapore.
[41]
Notable disciples
Sai
Baba left behind no spiritual heirs, appointed no disciples, and did
not provide formal initiation (diksha), despite requests. Some disciples
of Sai Baba achieved fame as spiritual figures, such as
Upasni Maharaj of
Sakori. After the demise of Sai Baba, his devotees offered the daily
Aarti to Upasni Maharaj when he paid a visit to
Shirdi twice within 10 years.
[42]
Claimed miracles
Sai Baba's disciples and devotees claim that he performed many miracles such as
bilocation,
levitation,
mindreading,
materialisation,
exorcisms, entering a state of
Samādhi at will, lighting lamps with water, removing his limbs or intestines and sticking them back to his body (
khandana yoga),
curing the incurably sick, appearing beaten when another was beaten,
preventing a mosque from falling down on people, and helping his
devotees in other miraculous ways. He also gave Darshan (vision) to
people in the form of Sri Rama, Krishna, Vithoba, Shiva and many other
gods depending on the faith of devotees.
[43][better source needed]
According to his followers, he appeared to them in their dreams and gave them advice. His devotees have documented many stories.
[44]
In various religions
Hinduism
During Sai Baba's lifetime, the Hindu saint Anandanath of Yewala declared Sai Baba to be a "spiritual diamond."
[45] Another saint, Gangagir, also called him a "jewel."
[45] Sri Beedkar Maharaj greatly revered Sai Baba, and in 1873, when he met him he bestowed the title
Jagad guru upon him.
[46][47] Sai Baba was also greatly respected by
Vasudevananda Saraswati (known as
Tembye Swami).
[48] He was also revered by a group of
Shaivic yogis, known as the
Nath-Panchayat.
[49] He is considered an avatar of the
Supreme Reality
(Brahman or God), a satguru, or saint, depending on individual
proclivities. This is not uncommon in Hinduism where there is no central
doctrine or cosmology, but a basis in individual faith and
spirituality.
Zoroastrianism
Saibaba was revered by prominent
Zoroastrians such as
Nanabhoy Palkhivala,
Farhaad Panthaky and
Homi Bhabha, and has been cited as the Zoroastrians' most popular non-Zoroastrian religious figure.
[50]
Meher Baba, who was born into a
Zoroastrian family, met Sai Baba once, during
World War I, in December 1915. This event is considered as the most significant in Meher Baba's life.
Shri Sai Satcharita (Sai Baba's life story), makes no mention of Meher Baba but
Lord Meher, the life story of Meher Baba, there are numerous references to Sai Baba.
[42]
Meher Baba, who claimed he was an (the) Avatar, credited his Avataric
advent to Upasni, Sai Baba, and three other Perfect Masters:
Hazrat Babajan,
Hazrat Tajuddin Baba, and
Narayan Maharaj. He declared Sai Baba to be a
Qutub-e-Irshad (the highest of the five
Qutubs, a "Master of the Universe" in the spiritual hierarchy).
[51] This classification of avatar and satgurus and the associated name is applied within the Meher Baba community alone.
In culture
Sacred art and architecture
There are many temples of Sai Baba in
India.
[52] Temples are also located in countries outside India, including the
United States,
Netherlands,
Kenya,
Benin,
Cuba,
Canada,
Pakistan,
Australia,
United Kingdom,
Germany and
Japan.
[53] Present in the mosque in Shirdi in which Sai Baba lived, is a life-size portrait of him by Shama Rao Jaykar, an artist from
Mumbai.
Numerous monuments and statues depicting Sai Baba which serve a
religious function have been made. One of them, made of marble by a
sculptor named Balaji Vasant Talim, is in the Samadhi Mandir in Shirdi
where Sai Baba was buried.
[54]
In 2008, India Post has issued a commemorative postage stamp of ₹5.00 to honour Sai Baba.
[55][56]
Film and television
Sai Baba has been the subject of several feature films in many languages produced by
India's film industry.
Year |
Film |
Title role |
Director |
Language |
Notes |
1955 |
Shirdi Che Sai Baba |
Dattopant Aangre |
Kumarsen Samarth |
Marathi |
Won All India Certificate of Merit at 3rd National Film Awards |
1977 |
Shirdi Ke Sai Baba |
Sudhir Dalvi |
Ashok V. Bhushan |
Hindi |
Also featuring Manoj Kumar, Rajendra Kumar, Hema Malini, Shatrughan Sinha, Sachin, Prem Nath |
1986 |
Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam |
Vijayachander |
K. Vasu |
Telugu |
Dubbed into Hindi as Shirdi Sai Baba Ki Kahani, into Tamil as Sri Shiridi Saibaba. Also featuring Chandra Mohan, Suthi Veerabhadra Rao, Sarath Babu, J.V. Somayajulu, Rama Prabha, Anjali Devi, Raja. |
1989 |
Bhagavan Shri Sai Baba |
Sai Prakash |
Sai prakash |
Kannada |
Also starring Ramkumar, Brahmavar, Vijaylakshmi. |
1993 |
Sai Baba |
Yashwant Dutt |
Babasaheb S. Fattelal |
Marathi |
Also featuring Lalita Pawar |
1999 |
Maya / Guru Poornima / Jayasurya |
Sai Baba |
Rama Narayanan |
Tamil
Telugu
Kannada |
Also featuring S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
2000 |
Sri Sai Mahima |
Sai Prakash |
Ashok Kumar |
Telugu |
Also featuring Murali Mohan, Jaya Sudha, Sudha, P. J. Sharma |
2001 |
Shirdi Sai Baba |
Sudhir Dalvi |
Deepak Balraj Vij |
Hindi |
Also featuring Dharmendra, Alok Nath, Rohini Hattangadi, Suresh Oberoi |
2005 |
Ishwarya Avatar Sai Baba |
Mukul Nag |
Ramanand Sagar |
Hindi |
Composite movie drawn from Sagar's Sai Baba (TV series). |
2010 |
Malik Ek |
Jackie Shroff |
Deepak Balraj Vij |
Hindi |
Also featuring Manoj Kumar, Divya Dutta, Rohini Hattangadi, Zarina Wahab and Anup Jalota as Das Ganu. |
2010-11 |
Bhagwan Sri Shirdi Sai Baba[57] |
Surya Vasishta |
Bukkapatna Vasu |
Kannada |
Also featuring Ravindranath, Ravi Bhat, Venkatadri, Bhavyashree Rai, Chandrika Challakere and others. Aired on Kasturi (TV channel) |
2012 |
Shirdi Sai |
Nagarjuna Akkineni |
K. Raghavendra Rao |
Telugu |
Released on 6 September 2012. Also featuring Srikanth (actor), Srihari, Kamalini Mukherjee, Rohini Hattangadi, Sharat Babu, Brahmanandam |
See also