Shimla , also known as Simla, is the capital and the largest city of the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Shimla is also a district which is bounded by Mandi and Kullu in the north, Kinnaur in the east, the state of Uttarakhand in the south-east, and Solan and Sirmaur. In 1864, Shimla was declared as the summer capital of British India, succeeding Murree, northeast of Rawalpindi. After independence, the city became the capital of Punjab
and was later named the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It is the
principal commercial, cultural and educational centre of the hilly
regions of the state.
Small hamlets were recorded prior to 1815 when British forces took control of the area. The climatic conditions attracted the British to establish the city in the dense forests of Himalayas. As the summer capital, Shimla hosted many important political meetings including the Simla Accord of 1914 and the Simla Conference of 1945. After independence, the state of Himachal Pradesh came into being in 1948 as a result of integration of 28 princely states. Even after independence, the city remained an important political centre, hosting the Simla Agreement of 1972. After reorganisation of state of Himachal Pradesh, the existing Mahasu district was named Shimla. Its name is derived from the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu goddess Kali.[citation needed]
Shimla is home to a number of buildings that are styled in the Tudorbethan and neo-Gothic architectures dating from the colonial era, as well as multiple temples and churches. The colonial architecture and churches, the temples and the natural environment of the city attracts tourists. Attractions include the Viceroy Lodge, the Christ Church, the Jakhoo Temple, the Mall Road and the Ridge, which together form the city centre. The Kalka–Shimla Railway line built by the British, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is also a major tourist attraction. Owing to its steep terrain, Shimla hosts the mountain biking race MTB Himalaya, which started in 2005 and is regarded as the biggest event of its kind in South Asia. Shimla also has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. Apart from being a tourism centre, the city is also an educational hub with a number of colleges and research institutions.
Small hamlets were recorded prior to 1815 when British forces took control of the area. The climatic conditions attracted the British to establish the city in the dense forests of Himalayas. As the summer capital, Shimla hosted many important political meetings including the Simla Accord of 1914 and the Simla Conference of 1945. After independence, the state of Himachal Pradesh came into being in 1948 as a result of integration of 28 princely states. Even after independence, the city remained an important political centre, hosting the Simla Agreement of 1972. After reorganisation of state of Himachal Pradesh, the existing Mahasu district was named Shimla. Its name is derived from the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu goddess Kali.[citation needed]
Shimla is home to a number of buildings that are styled in the Tudorbethan and neo-Gothic architectures dating from the colonial era, as well as multiple temples and churches. The colonial architecture and churches, the temples and the natural environment of the city attracts tourists. Attractions include the Viceroy Lodge, the Christ Church, the Jakhoo Temple, the Mall Road and the Ridge, which together form the city centre. The Kalka–Shimla Railway line built by the British, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is also a major tourist attraction. Owing to its steep terrain, Shimla hosts the mountain biking race MTB Himalaya, which started in 2005 and is regarded as the biggest event of its kind in South Asia. Shimla also has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. Apart from being a tourism centre, the city is also an educational hub with a number of colleges and research institutions.
Clockwise from top: Skyline at Shimla Southern Side, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Town Hall, Night view of Shimla and Christ Church.
princely states. Even after independence, the city remained an important political centre, hosting the Simla Agreement
of 1972. After reorganisation of state of Himachal Pradesh, the
existing Mahasu district was named Shimla. Its name is derived from the
goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu goddess Kali.[citation needed]
Shimla is home to a number of buildings that are styled in the Tudorbethan and neo-Gothic
architectures dating from the colonial era, as well as multiple temples
and churches. The colonial architecture and churches, the temples and
the natural environment of the city attracts tourists. Attractions
include the Viceroy Lodge, the Christ Church, the Jakhoo Temple, the Mall Road and the Ridge, which together form the city centre. The Kalka–Shimla Railway line built by the British, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is also a major tourist attraction. Owing to its steep terrain, Shimla hosts the mountain biking race MTB Himalaya, which started in 2005 and is regarded as the biggest event of its kind in South Asia. Shimla also has the largest natural ice skating rink
in South Asia. Apart from being a tourism centre, the city is also an
educational hub with a number of colleges and research institutions.
The area of present-day Shimla was invaded and captured by Bhimsen Thapa of Nepal in 1806. The British East India Company took control of the territory as per the Sugauli Treaty after the Anglo-Nepalese War
(1814–16). The Gurkha leaders were quelled by storming the fort of
Malaun under the command of David Ochterlony in May 1815. In a diary
entry dated 30 August 1817, the Gerard brothers, who surveyed the area,
describe Shimla as "a middling-sized village where a fakir is situated
to give water to the travellers". In 1819, Lieutenant Ross, the
Assistant Political Agent in the Hill States, set up a wood cottage in Shimla. Three years later, his successor and the Scottish[citation needed] civil servant Charles Pratt Kennedy built the first pucca house
in the area in 1822, near what is now the Himachal Pradesh Legislative
Assembly building. The accounts of the Britain-like climate started
attracting several British officers to the area during the hot Indian
summers. By 1826, some officers had started spending their entire
vacation in Shimla. In 1827, Lord Amherst, the Governor-General of Bengal, visited Shimla and stayed in the Kennedy House. A year later, Lord Combermere,
the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in India, stayed at the
same residence. During his stay, a three-mile road and a bridge were
constructed near Jakhu. In 1830, the British acquired the surrounding
land from the chiefs of Keonthal and Patiala in exchange for the Rawin pargana and a portion of the Bharauli pargana. The settlement grew rapidly after this, from 30 houses in 1830 to 1,141 houses in 1881.
In 1832, Shimla saw its first political meeting: between the Governor-General William Bentinck and the emissaries of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In a letter to Colonel Churchill, he wrote:
Combermere's successor Earl Dalhousie visited Shimla in the same
year. After this, the town saw regular visits from the Governors General
and Commanders-in-Chief of British India. A number of young British
officers started visiting the area to socialise with the higher-ups;
they were followed by ladies looking for marriage alliances for their
relatives. Shimla thus became a hill station famous for balls, parties
and other festivities. Subsequently, residential schools for pupils from
upper-class families were established nearby. By the late 1830s, the
city also became a centre for theatre and art exhibitions. As the
population increased, a number of bungalows were built and a big bazaar
was established in the town. The Indian businessmen, mainly from Sood[disambiguation needed] and Parsi
communities, arrived in the area to cater to the needs of the growing
European population. On 9 September 1844 the foundation of the Christ
Church was laid. Subsequently, several roads were widened and the
construction of the Hindustan-Tibet road
with a 560-feet tunnel was taken up in 1851–52. This tunnel, now known
as the Dhalli Tunnel, was started by a Major Briggs in 1850 and
completed in the winter of 1851–52.[8] The 1857 uprising caused a panic among the European residents of the town, but Shimla remained largely unaffected by the rebellion.
In 1863, the Viceroy of India, John Lawrence, decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla. He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between Calcutta and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, despite the fact that it was difficult to reach. Lord Lytton (Viceroy of India 1876–1880) made efforts to plan the town from 1876, when he first stayed in a rented house, but began plans for a Viceregal Lodge, later built on Observatory Hill. A fire cleared much of the area where the native Indian population lived (the "Upper Bazaar" nowadays known as the Ridgeand the planning of the eastern end to become the centre of the European town forced them to live in the Middle and Lower Bazaars on the lower terraces descending the steep slopes from the Ridge. The Upper Bazaar was cleared for a town hall, with many facilities such as library and theatre, as well as offices for police and military volunteers as well as municipal administration.
During the "Hot Weather", Shimla was also the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, India, the head of the Indian Army, and many Departments of the Government. The summer capital of the regional Government of the Punjab moved from Murree, in modern-day Pakistan, to Shimla in 1876. They were joined by many of the British wives and daughters of the men who remained on the plains. Together these formed Shimla Society, which, according to Charles Allen,was as close as British India ever came to having an upper crust." This may have been helped by the fact that it was very expensive, having an ideal climate and thus being desirable, as well as having limited accommodation. British soldiers, merchants and civil servants moved here each year to escape from the heat during summer in the Indo-Gangetic plain. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery: as Rudyard Kipling said in a letter cited by Allen, it had a reputation for "frivolity, gossip and intrigue".
The 500-foot (150 m) Lower Bazaar tunnel was built in 1905 and christened Khachhar Surang. The Elysium tunnel (now known as the Auckland Tunnel), about 120 feet (37 m) in length, was also built in 1905.
The Kalka–Shimla railway line,
opened in 1903, added to Shimla's accessibility and popularity. The
railway route from Kalka to Shimla, with more than 806 bridges and 103
tunnels, was touted as an engineering feat and came to be known as the
"British Jewel of the Orient".[12] In 2008, it became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mountain railways of India.[13] In addition, Shimla was the capital of the undivided state of Punjab in 1871, and remained so until the construction of the new city of Chandigarh (the present-day capital of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana). Upon the formation of the state of Himachal Pradesh in 1971, Shimla was named its capital.
After independence the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came
into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty
princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the
promontories of the western Himalaya,
known in full as the Shimla Hills States & four Punjab southern
hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order,
1948 under Sections 3 & 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act,
1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of
1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1
April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954.
Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the
implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 1 November 1956.
Following area of Punjab State namely Shimla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul
and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and
Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some
other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some
parts of Dhar Kalan
Tehsil of Pathankot District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1
November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the
Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was
passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January
1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.
Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former Viceregal Lodge, Auckland House, Christ Church, Gorton Castle, Shimla Town Hall and the Gaiety Theatre are reminders of British rule in India. The original Peterhoff, another Viceregal residence, burned down in 1981. British Shimla extended about a mile and a half along the ridge between Jakhoo Hill and Prospect Hill. The central spine was the Mall, which ran along the length of the ridge, with a Mall Extension southwards, closed to all carriages except those of the Viceroy and his wife.
The city is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the Earthquake hazard zoning of India. Weak construction techniques and an increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region. There are no water bodies near the main city and the closest river, the Sutlej, is about 21 km (13 mi) away.[20] Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are the Giri, and Pabbar (both tributaries of Yamuna).
The green belt in the Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares (1,020 acres).[12] The main forests in and around the city are of pine, deodar, oak and rhododendron.[21] Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an ecotourism spot.[22] Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of landslides that often take place after heavy rains.[18]
The city is situated 88 km (55 miles) northeast of Kalka, 116 km (72 miles) northeast of Chandigarh, 247 km (154 miles) south of Manali and 350 km (219 miles) northeast of Delhi, the national capital. Kalka can be reached within 2.5 hours, Chandigarh can be reached in 3 hours and 15 minutes. Delhi and Manali are both around 7 hours away from Shimla.
Shimla features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) under the Köppen climate classification. The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters and moderately warm during summer.[24] Temperatures typically range from −4 °C (25 °F) to 31 °C (88 °F) over the course of a year.[25]
The average temperature during summer is between 19 and 28 °C (66 and 82 °F), and between −1 and 10 °C (30 and 50 °F) in winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in November and 434 millimetres (17.1 in) in August. It is typically around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) per month during winter and spring, and around 175 millimetres (6.9 in) in June as the monsoon approaches.
The average total annual precipitation is 1,575 millimetres (62 in), which is much less than most other hill stations but still much heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in the month of December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.[26]
The maximum snowfall received in recent times was 38.6 centimetres (15.2 in) on 18 January 2013. On two consecutive days (17 and 18 January 2013), the town received 63.6 centimetres (25.0 in) of snow.[27]
Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism sectors.[31]
Education sector and horticultural produce processing comprise most of
the remainder. Recently a Model Career Centre has been set-up at
Regional Employment Exchange, Shimla to enable bridging the gap between
job-seekers and employers.
In addition to being the local hub of transport and trade, Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals:[32] Indira Gandhi Hospital (Snowdown Hospital,) Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (formerly called Ripon Hospital), Kamla Nehru Hospital and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims make Shimla an attractive health tourism spot.[31]
The hotel industry is one of the major source of income generation for the city. Shimla leads the list of Indian cities with the highest ranked hotels.[33]
Shimla had always been famous for its quality of education and many
important schools have been imparting quality education throughout the
state. Along with schools of higher education, several institutes are
also present, namely Himachal Pradesh University and Indian Institute of
Advanced Study. Recruitment to the IAAS is through the joint
competitive examinations (the Civil Services Examination)
and through promotion from the subordinate cadre. Once recruited to
IAAS, the directly recruited officers are trained mainly at the National
Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla.[34]
Students from across India prefer to study in Shimla because of its
climate and Queen of Hill Stations status. These have added to the
economy of the district as well as the state.
Government is trying to promote technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion[35] although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. There are many new startups in and around Shimla. There are over six call centres in Shimla, including Alturist Technologies and 31 Parallel. Two notable companies that are registered in Shimla are Netgen IT Solutions, an international website development startup with partner offices in USA and Australia, and Himachal Media, a company that deals with content and media publishing.
The administrative responsibilities of the city of Shimla and merged
areas of Dhalli, Totu and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal
Corporation (SMC). All three areas were taken under SMC in 2006–07.
Established in 1851, the Shimla Municipal Corporation is an elected body comprising 27 councillors, three of whom are nominated by the Government of Himachal Pradesh.[17]
The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social
service, academics and other activities. Thirty-three percent of the
seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years
and the mayor and deputy mayor are elected by and amongst the councilors themselves. Kusum Sadrate and Rakesh Kumar Sharma of BJP are the present Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.[36]
The administrative head of the corporation is the commissioner who is appointed by the state government.
The two major political parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress with a third party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), emerging.[37]
The city contributes one seat to the state assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and one seat to the lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha).[38] Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the police force, Vigilance Department, enforcement directorate, forensics, fire brigade, prisons service and Home Guard. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla.[39] The Superintendent of Police, Shimla heads the police force. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of the four armed police battalions in the state, is available for assistance to the local police.[40]
There are eleven courts in the district including a fast-track court.[41]
The city area has increased considerably along with passage of time. It has stretched from Hiranagar to Dhalli from one side & from Tara Devi to Malyana in the other. As per the 2001 India Census,[43] the city has a population of 142,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km².[17] A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism.[17] The largest demographic, 55%, is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population are younger than 15 years. The low sex ratio – 930 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2001[44] – is cause for concern, and much lower than the 974 versus 1,000 for Himachal Pradesh state as a whole.
The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialisation, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development.[45] 84% of the population of Shimla city is literate, compared to 80% in Shimla district and 83.87% in the entire state.[46] The majority of Shimla's population consists of natives of Himachal Pradesh.
Hindi is the lingua franca of the city, it is the principal spoken language of the city and also the most commonly used language for the official purposes. English is also spoken by a sizeable population, and is the second official language of the city. Other than Hindi, Pahari languages is spoken by the ethnic Pahari people, who form a major part of the population in the city. Punjabi language is prevalent among the ethnic Punjabi migrant population of the city, most of whom are refugees from West Punjab, who settled in the city after the Partition of India in 1947. According to 2011 census, the majority religion of city is Hinduism practised by 93.5% of the population, followed by Islam (2.29%), Sikhism (1.95%), Buddhism (1.33%) and Christianity (0.62%).[3]
The people of Shimla are informally called Shimlaites. With largely
cosmopolitan crowds, a variety of festivals are celebrated here. The
Shimla Summer Festival, held every year during peak tourist season,[47]
and lasting 3–4 days, is celebrated on the Ridge. The highlights of
this event include performances by popular singers from all over the
country. Since 2015, 95.0 BIG FM[48] and Himachal Tourism have been jointly organizing a 7-days long winter carnival on the Ridge from Christmas to New year.[49][50][51]
Shimla has a number of places to visit. Local hangouts like the Mall and the Ridge are in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original 'Tudorbethan' architecture. The former Viceregal Lodge, which now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, and Wildflower Hall, now a luxury hotel, are some of the famous ones. A collection of paintings, jewellery and textiles of the region can be found at the State Museum (built in 1974).
Lakkar Bazaar, a market extending off the Ridge, is famous for
souvenirs and crafts made of wood. Tatta Pani, 55 kilometres (34.2 mi)
from the main city, is the name of hot sulfur springs that are believed to have medicinal value located on the banks of the River Satluj. Shimla is also home to South Asia's only natural ice skating rink.[52]
State and national level competitions are often held at this venue.
Shimla Ice Skating Club, which manages the rink, hosts a carnival every
year in January, which includes a fancy dress competition and figure
skating events. Due to effects of global warming and increasing urban
development in and around Shimla, the number of sessions on ice every
winter have been decreasing in the past few years.
Shimla has many temples and is often visited by devotees from nearby towns and cities. The Kali Bari temple, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali is near the mall. Jakhoo Temple, for the Hindu god Hanuman is located at the highest point in Shimla.[53] Sankat Mochan, another Hanuman
temple, is famous for the numerous monkeys that are always found in its
vicinity. It is located on Shimla-Kalka Highway about 10 kilometres
(6.2 mi) from the city. The nearby temple of Tara Devi is a place for performing rituals and festivals. Other prominent places of worship include a Gurudwara near the bus terminus and Christ Church on the Ridge.
Shimla arts and crafts are highly in demand by the tourists. They
range from excellent pieces of jewellery, embroidered shawls and
garments to leather made articles and sculptures. Shimla is full of pine
and deodar trees. The wood has been extensively used in all major
buildings of Shimla. The various kinds crafts of Shimla made out of wood
includes small boxes, utensils, image carvings and souvenirs.
Carpet making of Shimla is a great attraction for the tourists.
Different floral and other motifs are used. Wool is used to make
blankets and rugs. The embroidery includes handkerchiefs, hand fans,
gloves and caps.
The shawls of Shimla are very well known for their fine quality. The leather craft of Shimla comprises shoes, slippers and belts. The other arts and crafts of Shimla includes a huge collection of beaded and metal jewellery.
The culture of Shimla throwbacks religious, agnostic Kumauni people with simple lifestyle living away from the hustle and bustle of metro cities.
Shimla has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. The ice skating season usually begins in the start of December and goes on till the end of February. The city has sporting venues like the Indira Gandhi Rajya Khel Parisar, the main sports complex. Further out from the city is the Naldehra nine-hole golf course, the oldest of its kind in India.[54] Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located 19 kilometres (11.8 mi) from the main city.
The city has 14 anganwadis and 64 primary schools.[17] There are many schools from the British era. Some of the popular convent schools in the city are Bishop Cotton School, St. Edward's School, Shimla, Auckland House School, Shimla Public School,
Sacred Heart Convent, Tara Hall, Convent of Jesus & Mary (Chelsea).
Other public schools include Kendriya Vidyalaya Jakhoo, DAV New Shimla, Hainault Public School, DAV Lakkar Bazaar, DAV New Totu, Dayanand Public School, Himalayan International School and Chapslee Garden School. Bishop Cotton School and St. Edward's School, Shimla are for boys only, whereas, Tara Hall and Convent of Jesus & Mary (Chelsea) are for girls only.
The medical institutes in Shimla are Indira Gandhi Medical College and Dental College. St. Bede's and Rajkiya Kanya MahaVidayaliya (RKMV) are girls-only colleges. Government College, Sanjauli, and Government College Chaura Maidan are also located in the city. The Indian Institute of Advanced Study, housed in the Viceregal lodge, is a residential centre for research in Humanities, Indian culture, religion and social and natural sciences. The Himachal Pradesh University (state University of himachal Pradesh) is also located in Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University Business School (HPUBS), the best Business school of Himachal Pradesh and University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University (UIIT), a premier technical education institute are also located here.
There is one Private University by the name of APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University. The university had also been awarded as the Best University in Hills by Assocham India.[55][56]
Shimla has two state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the university has over 40,000 books and the other library, also a heritage building on the ridge, has 7,000.[57]
Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the Central Potato Research Institute, a member of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and National Academy of Audit and Accounts for training of officers of the Indian Audit and Accounts services (IA&AS).
Distance between major towns and Shimla:
Distance between major towns and Shimla:
SOURCES ;WIKIPEDIA
POSTED BY ;VIPUL KOUL
History
The vast majority of the area occupied by the present-day Shimla city was dense forest during the 18th century. The only civilisation consisted of the Jakhoo temple and a few scattered houses. The area was called 'Shimla', named after a Hindu goddess, Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of Kali.
The bridge connecting Shimla with Chhota Shimla, originally erected in 1829 by Lord Combermere, Shimla, 1850s
In 1832, Shimla saw its first political meeting: between the Governor-General William Bentinck and the emissaries of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In a letter to Colonel Churchill, he wrote:
| “ | Shimla is only four days march from Loodianah (Ludhiana), is easy of access, and proves a very agreeable refuge from the burning plains of Hindoostaun (Hindustan). | ” |
19th century sketch of the ancient Jakhoo temple
In 1863, the Viceroy of India, John Lawrence, decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla. He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between Calcutta and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, despite the fact that it was difficult to reach. Lord Lytton (Viceroy of India 1876–1880) made efforts to plan the town from 1876, when he first stayed in a rented house, but began plans for a Viceregal Lodge, later built on Observatory Hill. A fire cleared much of the area where the native Indian population lived (the "Upper Bazaar" nowadays known as the Ridgeand the planning of the eastern end to become the centre of the European town forced them to live in the Middle and Lower Bazaars on the lower terraces descending the steep slopes from the Ridge. The Upper Bazaar was cleared for a town hall, with many facilities such as library and theatre, as well as offices for police and military volunteers as well as municipal administration.
During the "Hot Weather", Shimla was also the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, India, the head of the Indian Army, and many Departments of the Government. The summer capital of the regional Government of the Punjab moved from Murree, in modern-day Pakistan, to Shimla in 1876. They were joined by many of the British wives and daughters of the men who remained on the plains. Together these formed Shimla Society, which, according to Charles Allen,was as close as British India ever came to having an upper crust." This may have been helped by the fact that it was very expensive, having an ideal climate and thus being desirable, as well as having limited accommodation. British soldiers, merchants and civil servants moved here each year to escape from the heat during summer in the Indo-Gangetic plain. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery: as Rudyard Kipling said in a letter cited by Allen, it had a reputation for "frivolity, gossip and intrigue".
The 500-foot (150 m) Lower Bazaar tunnel was built in 1905 and christened Khachhar Surang. The Elysium tunnel (now known as the Auckland Tunnel), about 120 feet (37 m) in length, was also built in 1905.
Passenger train on the Kalka-Shimla Railway route
_Shimla.jpg){kind=spacer}
Entrance of the Crowborough Rest House built in 1921
Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former Viceregal Lodge, Auckland House, Christ Church, Gorton Castle, Shimla Town Hall and the Gaiety Theatre are reminders of British rule in India. The original Peterhoff, another Viceregal residence, burned down in 1981. British Shimla extended about a mile and a half along the ridge between Jakhoo Hill and Prospect Hill. The central spine was the Mall, which ran along the length of the ridge, with a Mall Extension southwards, closed to all carriages except those of the Viceroy and his wife.
Geography
Shimla lies in the south-western ranges of the Himalayas at 31.61°N 77.10°E. It has an average altitude of 2,206 metres (7,238 ft) above mean sea level and extends along a ridge with seven spurs. The city stretches nearly 9.2 kilometres (5.7 mi) from east to west.[17] Shimla was built on top of a total of seven different hills namely: Inverarm Hill, Observatory Hill, Prospect Hill, Summer Hill, Bantony Hill, Elysium Hill and Jakhoo Hill. The highest point in Shimla is the Jakhoo hill, which is at a height of 2,454 metres (8,051 ft).The city is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the Earthquake hazard zoning of India. Weak construction techniques and an increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region. There are no water bodies near the main city and the closest river, the Sutlej, is about 21 km (13 mi) away.[20] Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are the Giri, and Pabbar (both tributaries of Yamuna).
The green belt in the Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares (1,020 acres).[12] The main forests in and around the city are of pine, deodar, oak and rhododendron.[21] Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an ecotourism spot.[22] Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of landslides that often take place after heavy rains.[18]
The city is situated 88 km (55 miles) northeast of Kalka, 116 km (72 miles) northeast of Chandigarh, 247 km (154 miles) south of Manali and 350 km (219 miles) northeast of Delhi, the national capital. Kalka can be reached within 2.5 hours, Chandigarh can be reached in 3 hours and 15 minutes. Delhi and Manali are both around 7 hours away from Shimla.
Climate
Climate
Foggy rain in Shimla (June)
The average temperature during summer is between 19 and 28 °C (66 and 82 °F), and between −1 and 10 °C (30 and 50 °F) in winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in November and 434 millimetres (17.1 in) in August. It is typically around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) per month during winter and spring, and around 175 millimetres (6.9 in) in June as the monsoon approaches.
The average total annual precipitation is 1,575 millimetres (62 in), which is much less than most other hill stations but still much heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in the month of December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.[26]
The maximum snowfall received in recent times was 38.6 centimetres (15.2 in) on 18 January 2013. On two consecutive days (17 and 18 January 2013), the town received 63.6 centimetres (25.0 in) of snow.[27]
| [hide]Climate data for Shimla (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.4 (70.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.8 (78.4) |
29.6 (85.3) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.5 (88.7) |
28.9 (84) |
27.8 (82) |
28.6 (83.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.5 (74.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.8 (74.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
18.9 (66) |
15.4 (59.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −1.2 (29.8) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.1 (43) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.1 (59.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
9.5 (49.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −10.6 (12.9) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−6.1 (21) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
7.8 (46) |
9.4 (48.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
5.0 (41) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−1.1 (30) |
−12.2 (10) |
−12.2 (10) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 53.0 (2.087) |
63.8 (2.512) |
68.9 (2.713) |
61.3 (2.413) |
83.8 (3.299) |
185.3 (7.295) |
333.0 (13.11) |
296.7 (11.681) |
148.7 (5.854) |
36.3 (1.429) |
22.5 (0.886) |
21.4 (0.843) |
1,374.6 (54.118) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 42 (16.5) |
43 (16.9) |
7 (2.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
7 (2.8) |
99 (39) |
| Average rainy days | 4.5 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 10.1 | 17.2 | 16.2 | 8.8 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 84.5 |
| Average snowy days | 4.2 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 11.2 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010, snow, 1990–2010)[28][29][30] | |||||||||||||
Skating at Simla, c. 1905
Rashtrapati Niwas, Shimla, former "Viceregal Lodge", built 1888
Simla and Jutogh, 1911 map
Economy
In addition to being the local hub of transport and trade, Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals:[32] Indira Gandhi Hospital (Snowdown Hospital,) Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (formerly called Ripon Hospital), Kamla Nehru Hospital and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims make Shimla an attractive health tourism spot.[31]
The hotel industry is one of the major source of income generation for the city. Shimla leads the list of Indian cities with the highest ranked hotels.[33]
National Academy of Audits and Accounts, Yarrows
Government is trying to promote technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion[35] although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. There are many new startups in and around Shimla. There are over six call centres in Shimla, including Alturist Technologies and 31 Parallel. Two notable companies that are registered in Shimla are Netgen IT Solutions, an international website development startup with partner offices in USA and Australia, and Himachal Media, a company that deals with content and media publishing.
Civic administration
Town Hall as seen from The Ridge
The administrative head of the corporation is the commissioner who is appointed by the state government.
The two major political parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress with a third party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), emerging.[37]
The city contributes one seat to the state assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and one seat to the lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha).[38] Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the police force, Vigilance Department, enforcement directorate, forensics, fire brigade, prisons service and Home Guard. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla.[39] The Superintendent of Police, Shimla heads the police force. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of the four armed police battalions in the state, is available for assistance to the local police.[40]
There are eleven courts in the district including a fast-track court.[41]
Demographics
According to 2011 census, Shimla city spread over an area of 35.34 km2 had a population of 169,578 with 93,152 males and 76,426 females.[2][3] Shimla urban agglomeration had a population of 171,817 as per provisional data of 2011 census, out of which males were 94,797 and females were 77,020.[42] The literacy rate of city was 93.63 percent[3] and that of urban agglomeration was 94.14 per cent.[42]The city area has increased considerably along with passage of time. It has stretched from Hiranagar to Dhalli from one side & from Tara Devi to Malyana in the other. As per the 2001 India Census,[43] the city has a population of 142,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km².[17] A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism.[17] The largest demographic, 55%, is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population are younger than 15 years. The low sex ratio – 930 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2001[44] – is cause for concern, and much lower than the 974 versus 1,000 for Himachal Pradesh state as a whole.
The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialisation, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development.[45] 84% of the population of Shimla city is literate, compared to 80% in Shimla district and 83.87% in the entire state.[46] The majority of Shimla's population consists of natives of Himachal Pradesh.
Hindi is the lingua franca of the city, it is the principal spoken language of the city and also the most commonly used language for the official purposes. English is also spoken by a sizeable population, and is the second official language of the city. Other than Hindi, Pahari languages is spoken by the ethnic Pahari people, who form a major part of the population in the city. Punjabi language is prevalent among the ethnic Punjabi migrant population of the city, most of whom are refugees from West Punjab, who settled in the city after the Partition of India in 1947. According to 2011 census, the majority religion of city is Hinduism practised by 93.5% of the population, followed by Islam (2.29%), Sikhism (1.95%), Buddhism (1.33%) and Christianity (0.62%).[3]
Culture
Stained glass windows at Christ Church (1850), Shimla
Shimla has a number of places to visit. Local hangouts like the Mall and the Ridge are in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original 'Tudorbethan' architecture. The former Viceregal Lodge, which now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, and Wildflower Hall, now a luxury hotel, are some of the famous ones. A collection of paintings, jewellery and textiles of the region can be found at the State Museum (built in 1974).
Foggy morning at Tattapani
Jakhu Temple in 1910
A folk celebration in Shimla
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Side view of Christ Church Shimla from Mall Road.
The shawls of Shimla are very well known for their fine quality. The leather craft of Shimla comprises shoes, slippers and belts. The other arts and crafts of Shimla includes a huge collection of beaded and metal jewellery.
The culture of Shimla throwbacks religious, agnostic Kumauni people with simple lifestyle living away from the hustle and bustle of metro cities.
Shimla has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. The ice skating season usually begins in the start of December and goes on till the end of February. The city has sporting venues like the Indira Gandhi Rajya Khel Parisar, the main sports complex. Further out from the city is the Naldehra nine-hole golf course, the oldest of its kind in India.[54] Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located 19 kilometres (11.8 mi) from the main city.
Education
Public library on The Ridge
The medical institutes in Shimla are Indira Gandhi Medical College and Dental College. St. Bede's and Rajkiya Kanya MahaVidayaliya (RKMV) are girls-only colleges. Government College, Sanjauli, and Government College Chaura Maidan are also located in the city. The Indian Institute of Advanced Study, housed in the Viceregal lodge, is a residential centre for research in Humanities, Indian culture, religion and social and natural sciences. The Himachal Pradesh University (state University of himachal Pradesh) is also located in Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University Business School (HPUBS), the best Business school of Himachal Pradesh and University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University (UIIT), a premier technical education institute are also located here.
There is one Private University by the name of APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University. The university had also been awarded as the Best University in Hills by Assocham India.[55][56]
Shimla has two state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the university has over 40,000 books and the other library, also a heritage building on the ridge, has 7,000.[57]
Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the Central Potato Research Institute, a member of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and National Academy of Audit and Accounts for training of officers of the Indian Audit and Accounts services (IA&AS).
Places of interest
The Ridge, covered in snow
Christ Church on the Ridge
Mall Road, Shimla seen from the Scandal point
Catholic Church
Naldehra Golf Club on hilltop, Shimla
- Jakhu Ropeway[58] connects Jakhu temple to the ridge ground and is the first ropeway in Shimla.
- The Mall: The Mall is the main shopping street of Shimla. It has many restaurants, clubs, banks, bars, post offices and tourist offices. The Gaiety Theatre is situated there.
- Christ Church: Situated on the Ridge, Christ Church is the second oldest church in Northern India. Inside there are stained glass windows which represent faith, hope, charity, fortitude, patience and humility.
- Jakhoo: 2 km from Shimla, at a height of 8,000 ft, Jakhu Hill is the highest peak and has views of the town and of the snow-covered Himalayas. At the top of the hill is an old temple of Lord Hanuman, which is the home of monkeys. A 108 feet (33 metre) statue of Lord Hanuman, a Hindu deity, at 8,500 feet (2,591 metres) above sea level, is the statue standing at the highest altitude among several other masterpieces in the world, overtaking the Christ Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[59]
- Jutogh: Located 8 km from the city centre, this army cantonment is near Totu, an important suburb of Shimla city.
- Shimla State Museum: The museum, which was opened in 1974, has tried to protect hill-out and the cultural wealth of the state. There is a collection of miniature Pahari paintings, sculptures, bronzes wood-carvings and also costumes, textiles and jewellery of the region.
- Indian Institute of Advanced Study: This institute is housed at the former Viceregal Lodge, built in 1884–88.
- Summer Hill: The township of Summer Hill is at a height of 6,500 ft on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. Mahatma Gandhi lived in these quiet surroundings during his visits to Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University is situated here.
- Annandale: Developed as the racecourse of Shimla, Annandale is 2–4 km from the Ridge at a height of 6,117 ft. It is now used by the Indian Army.
- Tara Devi: 11 km from the Shimla bus-stand. Tara Devi Hill has a temple dedicated to the goddess of stars on top of the hill. There is a military Dairy Town here as well as the headquarters of Bharat Scouts and Guides.
- Sankat Mochan: A famous Lord Hanuman temple is located here.
- Junga: Junga is nearest Tehsil, 26 km from Shimla. Its original name (with diacritics) is "Jūnga", and it is a former royal retreat of the princely state of Keonthal. It is known as the Keonthal Estate.
- Anand Vilas: Midway between Shimla and Junga. "Sarva Dharma Mandir", Temple of all faiths, is a spiritual group dedicated to Mother Nature. Thousands of visitors and devotees come here every year. There is an "Art is Values" school with pupils from all over India. Classes are provided free of cost.
- Totu: A major developing suburb of Shimla on NH-88. Houses Jutogh railway station & HimFed under Govt. of Himachal Pradesh.
- Mashobra: 13 km from Shimla, site of the annual Sipi fair in June.
- Kufri: 16 km from Shimla at a height of 8,600 ft, Kufri is the local winter sports centre, and has a small zoo.
- Chharabra: 13 km from Shimla on route to Kufri.
- Naldehra: 22 km from Shimla, with a nine-hole Naldehra Golf Club. The annual Sipi fair in June is held in Naldehra.
- Chail: Chail was built as summer retreat by the Maharaja of Patiala during the British Raj, it is known for its cricket pitch, the highest in the world.
- Sanjauli: The main suburb of Shimla.
- Rashtrapati Niwas
- Lakkar Bazar[60]
Transport
Local transport in Shimla is by bus or private vehicles. Buses ply frequently on the circular road surrounding the city centre. Like any other growing city, Shimla is also expanding with new habitats in the vicinity.Transport services in these areas are also expanding rapidly. Tourist taxis are also an option for out of town trips. Locals typically traverse the city on foot. Private vehicles are prohibited on the Mall, Ridge and nearby markets. Due to narrow roads and steep slopes, the auto rickshaws which are common in other Indian cities are largely absent.Road
Shimla is well-connected by road network to all major cities in north India and to all major towns and district headquarters within the state. National Highway 22 (NH 22) connects Shimla to the nearest big city of Chandigarh.Distance between major towns and Shimla:
National Highway 22 connects Shimla to the city of Chandigarh.
SOURCES ;WIKIPEDIA
POSTED BY ;VIPUL KOUL
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