After heading Information, Libraries and Archives Departments of
J&K Government and retiring as Secretary of the Cultural Academy, Khalid Bashir Ahmad started
probing the events taking place in Jammu after the partition. An event
obliterated from the history unlike similar situation elsewhere, The
Jhelum: The River Through My Backyard author investigated the Jammu
Massacre, collected details from different sources, interviewed the
survivors to deconstruct developments that greatly altered J&K’s
demographic structure
During the Partition of India in 1947 the
sub-continent was engulfed by communal frenzy resulting in mass killing,
rape, abduction, arson and dislocation of population. At the lowest
estimate, half a million people were slaughtered and twelve million
became homeless.[i]
On the higher side, the death toll is accounted for more than a
million. There is no count of women being abducted and raped. The pain
and agony unleashed by violence on victims is undescribable even as many
of these carnages have been documented through print and visual media.
Unfortunately, however, the most gruesome of massacres of 1947 involving killing of tens of thousands of Muslims with official connivance in Jammu Province has remained the least talked about occurrence in the sub-continental narratives. The massacre “appears to have slipped through the cracks of subcontinental history, overshadowed by the communal slaughter in neighbouring Punjab around the same time.”[ii] The violence was more horrendous for the active participation of the State. Jammu Province literally turned into a river of blood whose tributaries ran through the eastern districts of the undivided Province.
Jammu constituted as one of the two provinces of the Muslim-majority Jammu & Kashmir ruled by a Hindu Maharaja, Hari Singh, the fourth generation Dogra ruler. The total Muslim population of the princely state was 3.2 million as against 0.8 million Hindus. While Kashmir was an overwhelmingly Muslim majority (93%) province, in the Jammu Province including the areas now in Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir Muslims formed 61.19% of the population.
The anti-Muslim violence started in August and continued till November engulfing the eastern districts of Jammu, Udhampur, Reasi and Kathua. There are different versions on the number of Muslims killed in the planned orgies. Ian Stephens puts the figure at a staggering half a million.
“[There] within a period of about eleven weeks starting in August, systematic savageries, similar to those already launched in East Panjab and in Patiala and Kapurthala, particularly eliminated the entire Muslim element in the population, amounting to 500,000 people. About 200,000 just disappeared, remaining untraceable, having presumably been butchered, or died from epidemics. The rest fled destitute to West Punjab.”[iii]
Senior journalist Ved Bhasin believes the fatal casualties to be about 1,00,000. The Times of London,
however, in its publication dated August 10, 1948 gave the number of
exterminated Muslims as 237,000. The newspaper ran a two part story by
its Special Correspondent on August 9 and 10, 1948 and in its second
part ‘Fate of Kashmir- II-The People of the Component
Districts-Elmination of Muslims from Jammu’ carried on page 5, wrote:
“Forming 40 percent of the popultion of this whole area [Jammu Province], to the north and astride the Chenab Muslims were in a majority in the Reasi, Ramban and Kishtwar areas and nearly attained parity in Bhaderwah. In the remaining Dogra areas the 237,000 Muslims were systematically exterminated – unless they escaped to Pakistan along the border – by all the forces of the Dogra State, headed by the Maharaja in person and aided by Hindus and Sikhs. This happened in October, 1947, five days before the first Pathan invasion and nine days before the Maharaja’s accession to India.
This elimination of two-thirds of the Muslims last autumn has entirely changed the present composition of eastern Jammu Province.”
The ‘extermination of 237,000 Muslims’ in Jammu Province was also raised by the Pakistan representative to the United Nations, Sir Zafrullah Khan, in the Security Council during its 464th meeting held on February 8, 1950.[iv] However, Khan referred to the Times of London publication dated October 10, 1948 instead of August 10, 1948. Many writers seem to have taken the date from him and reproduced it in their write-ups. Christopher Snedden finds fault with this assertion as “I have not been able to locate the article quoted: there was no edition of the Times of London on this day, which was a Sunday.”[v] Snedden is right in his assertion but the story regarding the number of Muslims killed in the violence was given by the Times of London in its publication of August 10, 1948. The present writer was able to access this issue of the newspaper and has quoted from it in the preceding.
The anti-Muslim violence in Jammu had two contributory factors – external and internal. The external factor was the arrival of large number of Hindu and Sikh refugees uprooted from areas that went to Pakistan and the areas of Jammu Province that later formed part of Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir. By mid-September as many as 65,000 of them were in Jammu city alone.[vi] They brought with them tales of death and plunder that poisoned atmosphere in Jammu against its Muslim population. To a limited extent threatening statements against the Kashmir Government issued on Radio Pakistan by Musim leaders who had migrated to Pakistan also added fuel to the fire. “Every time one of these leaders issued a sharp statement from Pakistan radio, firing on Muslim neighbourhood intensified.”[vii]
However, more serious than external was the internal factor in the form of complicity of the State apparatus in violence. What sets Jammu massacres – for there were many across the region – apart from those in Punjab is the official connivance. From the Prime Minister to Governor to Hindu component of the Dogra Army, everybody in the administration had his hands soaked in blood. The ruler and his wife too were never above suspicion. The internal factor had profound political motive of ethnic cleansing of Muslims from the eastern Jammu Province and changing the demography of the region.
The atmosphere against Muslims had been building up for some time. Arms were being distributed among Hindu communalist groups even as Muslims were ordered to deposit with the government all weapons they possessed. Muslim soldiers in the Maharaja’s army too were disarmed. Arms training camp for Hindus and Sikhs was established in Jammu City. Preparations appeared in full swing for organizing bloodbaths in the Province. The Muslims as disempowered subjects, although numerically quite large, were fear stricken as they had no answer to the state sponsored violence. The elite among them were migrating to Pakistan and their leadership was in jail.
Chowdhary Ghulam Abbas, President J&K Muslim
Conference was put behind the bars by Maharaja Hari Singh throughout the
year 1947. Muslims of Jammu had nobody to guide them in their hour of
crisis. Had Abbas been there perhaps it might have generated confidence
among Muslims to stay put. The rest of the Muslim Conference leadership
simply disappeared from the scene and left the panicky Muslim population
in lurch. The party also failed in foreseeing what was coming and
organizing Muslims to face the eventuality. “With Abbas prevented from
influencing or leading Jammu Muslims, anti-Muslim elements, including
the RSS [Rashtriya Swayumsevak Sangh] and disgruntled Hindu and Sikh
refugees, were able to harry Muslims in eastern Jammu Province virtually
unhindered and with little publicity.”[viii]
In the meanwhile, the Tribal advances in Kashmir and the reverses suffered by his troops scared Hari Singh and he, as vanquished ruler, fled to Jammu. His wife, Tara Devi, was with him. She had taken full control of the palace affairs a couple of years ago and was in the grip of a dubious character and a rabid communalist, Rajguru Swami Sant Dev, who loved the company of women and had been reported against by an English lady for making passes to her young daughters.[ix] The Swami who had lived in the state during the time of Pratap Singh was banished by Hari Singh when the latter ascended the throne but made a mysterious comeback in 1944. By 1946, he had firmly ensconced himself as rajguru and was installed by the Maharaja in the Cheshmashahi Guset House.[x] Swami had kindled the desire in Hari Singh to become a sovereign of an independent Jammu & Kashmir once the British had departed from India.
The combination of communalist element in Hindu population driven by
the RSS ideology, Hindu and Sikh refugees from Pakistan and the
Maharaja’s troops had set the stage for the kill. Tara Devi, Swami Sant
Dev, Prime Minister Mehar Chand Mahajan, Deputy Prime Minister, Ram Lal
Batra, appointed on the recommendations of the Rajguru, and
Governor Chet Ram Chopra inspired and abetted the violence even as Hari
Singh himself could all but wash his hands off the bloodshed.
Maharaja Hari Singh was aware of widespread violence
against Muslims but did not try to control or stop it. Muhammad Yusuf
Saraf, on the basis of a secondary source, alleges that the Maharaja
himself shot down three Gujjars at Mishriwala.[xi]
The serious charge, however, is not corraborated by any other source
even as Hari Singh cannot be absolved of what happened with his Muslim
subjects. The first Muslim Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer from Jammu
& Kashmir, Qudratullah Shahab, sees the ruler’s direct involvement
in what befell his Muslim subjects:
“Soon after entering into the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan Maharaja Hari Singh decided that the entire Muslim population in Jammu Province should be wiped out. Himself taking the command of the task he let loose like hounds the contingents of Dogra army, police and Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh on Muslim subjects.”[xii]
Prominent political activist and writer, Krishan Dev Sethi observes:
“The Maharaja and his administration played an important role in
flaring up communal riots after Hari Singh arrived from Srinagar.
Muslims in Jammu city were under the influence of the Muslim Conference.
The Maharaja played a significant role in promoting and pampering the
RSS in Jammu. Important RSS leaders like Balraj Madhok, Kedar Nath
Sahni, Vijay Malhotra and Madan Lal Khurana remained stationed in Jammu
as in-charge of RSS during 1940s.”
“Governor Chet Ram Chopra and DIG Police, Bakhshi Udhay Chand, also played vital role. The administration too participated in the massacre. Organized armed Hindu jathas (groups) went as far as Bhimbhar.”[xiii]
Corroborating Sethi’s view on Hari Singh’s link up with the RSS, social activist, Balraj Puri, an eyewitness to Jammu violence, says: “The Maharaja had RSS leader Guru Golwalkar as his personal guest and his rajguru, Sant Dev’s role was also dubious.”[xiv] The role of the RSS in anti-Muslim violence in Jammu Provice is a matter of record. That a conspiracy was hatched at the highest level of power is alluded to by Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, former President of Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir, according to whom a secret meeting of some non-Muslim rulers of Indian princely states was held near Srinagar in July 1947 where a “conspiracy was devised in collaboration with the RSS from Amritsar to carry out a wholesale massacre of Musssalmans [Muslims] in the State, beginning with Poonch where they expected stiff resistance… A plan was evolved to completely wipe out the Muslim population in the city of Jammu, and also in the districts of Jammu Province.”[xv]
Hari Singh’s hands have not been quite clean. While fleeing from Srinagar he is accused of directing his people en-route Jammu to ‘finish’ Muslims. Balraj Puri also alludes to this allegation[xvi]. According to senior advocate of Jammu & Kashmir High Court and a survivor of the carnage, Shabir Ahmad Salahria:
“The role of Maharaja Hari Singh in fuelling communal riots cannot be overlooked. He was responsible for fuelling attacks on Muslims. The Maharaja visited many places and instead of dousing communal flames he encouraged rioters.”[xvii]
Salahria holds that if the Maharaja had not lost the balance the
situation might not have gone as bad as it did. Salahria’s father,
Ferozuddin, saw Hari Singh ‘encouraging killers’. He was District Forest
Officer at Kathua and had to flee to Jammu in Hindu dress to avoid
identification and attack. On way to home, he saw the Maharaja gathered
around by people who were boastfully informing him about the number of
Muslims they had killed. “The Maharaja patted and encouraged them.”[xviii]
Ved Bhasin, who has lived through the developments unfolding in Jammu in 1947, believes that the administration was fully responsible for the massacre of Muslims and changing the demographic character of Jammu.[xix] He recalls that as a student leader during those horrible times he had published a pamphlet titled ‘Insaniyat Ke Naam’ (In the Name of Humanity) urging for communal amity. He was summoned by Governor Chet Ram Chopra and warned to desist from issuing appeals for peace or else he will be arrested. Chopra told him that there was danger from Muslims and hence Hindus and Sikhs were being imparted training in firearms. Bhasin also recalls a meeting taken by Maharaja’s last Prime Minister, Mehar Chand Mahajan, which he also attended, where the latter said that power was being transferred to people and Hindus and Sikhs should demand parity with Muslims. When asked how was that possible as they were in minority, Mahajan, pointing towards the forest area down the Maharaja’s palace where corpses of recently butchered Muslim Gujajrs were scattered, said “ the population ratio can change.”[xx]
About active involvement of State authorities in the killing and driving out Muslims Alastiar Lamb observes:
“[The] State authorities joined openly in this anti-Muslim policy by setting out to create along the State’s border with Pakistan (in the region of Gujarat and Sialkot) a depopulated zone some three miles deep. Hindus here were evacuated. Muslims were either killed or driven across into Pakistan. On a number of occasions Jammu & Kashmir State Forces actually crossed over into Pakistan and destroyed villages there… Early in October British observers saw in one such village on the Pakistan side of the border no fewer than 1,700 corpses of slaughtered Muslim men, women and children.”[xxi]
Organized violence against Muslims was also observed by journalist, G. K. Reddy, who was removed as Editor of Kashmir Times and ousted from Jammu & Kashmir for advocating its accession to Pakistan. He saw “a mad orgy of Dogra violence against unarmed Muslims [that]should put any self-respecting human being to shame”.[xxii] Reddy in an interview published in the Civil & Military Gazette on October 28, 1947 saw “armed bands of ruffians and soldiers shooting down and hacking to pieces helpless Muslim refugees heading towards Pakistan” and watching officials and military officers “directing a huge armed mob against a Muslim refuge convoy [that it]hacked to pieces.”[xxiii] He counted as many as twenty-four villages burning one night [while]all through the night the rattling fire of automatic weapons could be heard from the surrounding refugee camps. The Civil & Military Gazette in its November 21, 1947 issue also reported a party of Englishmen interviewing 200 wounded refugees at Sialkot and being “convinced that there has been a disgraceful massacre of Muslims in Jammu.”[xxiv]
The two Englishmen identified by Christopher Snedden as possible pacifist Quakers not ideologically driven, detailed ten separate violent incidents against Muslims in Jammu that occurred between the beginning of October and November 9, 1947. These incidents, reported by the Civil & Military Gazette on December 18, 1947 as also reproduced by Snedden, include massacres on October 20 near Kathua and Akhnoor Bridge, on October 22 at Samba, on October 23 at Maogaon, on November 5 and 6 at Jammu City and on November 9 near Suchetgarh. As many as 70,000 Muslims were reported to have been killed in these seven incidents alone.[xxv]
Of the seven specific incidents of violence four occurred when Hari Singh was still in power and had not acceded to India. “The killers supposedly included ‘State’ or ‘Dogra’ troops in all instances.”[xxvi] At one point in time, G. C. Bali, Deputy Director General of Intelligence and a confidante of the Indian Prime Minister, wrote to Jawaharlal Nehru from Jammu that the Dogra and Rajput soldiers of the army were “torching villages like rioters, abducting women and raping them. The silence of the Maharaja and people in power here was only emboldening them”.[xxvii]
Balraj Puri has a point to eatablish the culpability of the administration in the anti-Muslim riots in Reasi. According to him:
“The killing of Muslims was well organized. The hand of the administration was clearly visible. I sent a telegram to the government from Reasi informing that threat to Muslims there was looming large. Instead of sending security for their protection, a jatha of Hindu communalists came to me on the second or third day and their leader asked where lay the danger and that they would like to go there and see. It was a strange situation. These were the people against whom I had sent a telegram and here they were demanding to know where the danger was! Obviously, the government machinery was actively involved in the massacre. How else would the rioters have known about the telegram?[xxviii]
Hari Singh did not speak about the Jammu killings nor chose to expose
those who were responsible for it if his own hands were clean.
Reasi saw one of the worst carnages. Muslims, both in the district and tehsil of Reasi, were in majority. Their over all population in the district (which then included area under the present Rajouri district), as per Census of 1941, was 1,75, 539 (67%) as against 80,725 Hindus (31%). Likewise, in Reasi tehsil the number of Muslims was 64,144 as against 52, 501 Hindus. Despite being in majority Muslims were attacked and killed by armed Hindu gangs who had mostly come from outside Reasi.
On November 4, 1947, a jatha (band) of 500-600 armed men arrived in Reasi town camped at Sher Bagh where now the Deputy Commissioner’s office is located. Preparations for the attack had been made at Jammu. Ahmad Shah Kalla, a respectable of the area, Abdul Aziz Bhat, a Panch, and Muzaffar Ahmad, a judge, went to the Deputy Commissioner and informed him about the arrival of the jatha and their apprehensions about an attack on Muslims.[xxxi] He undermined the development saying that no armed men had arraived in Reasi. The three men decided to go to Sher Bagh to persuade the jatha to go away but, having no faith in him, refused to take the Deputy Commissioner with them. Instead, they chose a prominent Hindu liberal, Shanti Swaroop [father of Balraj Puri], to accompany them. The four of them went to the Sher Bagh and tried to reason with the armed men the need for communal peace. Kalla pleaded with them that local Hindus and Muslims had formed a peace committee and decided to maintain communal harmony in the area. He asked them to go away from Reasi but they did not listen to him and one of them pulled out his sword and killed him on the spot.[xxxii] Abdul Aziz Bhat and Muzaffar Ahmad were also killed. A shocked Shanti Swaroop felt helpless and later shut himself up in his house.
The killing continued for several days. The Reasi carnage was one of
the largest massacres enacted in Jammu Province. Abdur Rauf, 58,
grandson of Ahmad Shah Kalla, says that out of a population of 8000
Muslims in the city only 250 survived.[xxxiii]
Of them, only a dozen stayed back at Reasi and the rest fled to
Pakistan. As many as 26 members of the Kalla family were killed.
The survivors have chilling memories of the massacre. Mehmood Ahmad Khan, who was about 6-7 years old when riots in Reasi broke out, recalls that it was about 3 P.M. when rioters let hell loose on them.[xxxiv] Mehmood’s is a heart rending story. Five of his family members including mother, father and brothers were killed. His two sisters and nieces were put on logs and pushed into the Chenab ostensibly to drown them in the river. His mother alongwith her one year old son, Yunis, was drowned while saving the girls. Left alone, Mehmood was taken by a Hindu and kept hidden from rioters for two days. Then the rioters showed up and took him to the river bank to kill him. Mercifully, an army man named Makhan rescued him and took him to his home in Khairian. He was not treated well there and ultimately Birbal, a Brahmin took him to his place, converted him to Hinduism through a Pandit (priest) at a specially held function and rechristened him as Gulaboo. He spotted choti (tuff of hair) and was told that if somebody asked his name he should tell the assumed name Gulabo. He was with Birbal for two years shepherding his goats with other children of the village of his age.
One day, Pandit Durga Dutt, a hakeem of Reasi happened to pass through the village and recognized Mehmood. Dutt went back to Reasi and informed Haji Akbar, one of handful of Muslim survivors there, about his fate and asked him to get Mehmood back. A man was sent to Khairian who asked Birbal to let Mehmood go with him. Birbal did not object. Gulaboo’s choti was shaved signalling his return to the original faith. In early 1980s, Mehmood came to know that his two sisters and nieces who were pushed into the Chenab had luckily crossed the river and escaped to Sialkot in Pakistan. In 1983, he visited them. After about 45 years he also visited Khairian village and met the ‘boys’ with whom he would graze goats of Birbal. He visited the house of Birbal but found out that he had passed away.
Udhampur district was another scene of savagery. The
district had slightly higher population of Hindus at 164,820 (56.01%)
against 128,327 Muslims (43.61%) [Census of 1941]. Hindus predominated
in tehsils of Udhampur, Ramnagar (severely affected by violence) and
Bhaderwah while Muslims were in majority in Kishtwar and Ramban.
In Udhampur, as narrated by a massacre survivor and former legislator, Wazira Begum, children were cut into small pieces and cooked with rice to be served to survivors of the massacre.[xxxv] On seeing pieces of tiny fingers in food women got hysterical and cried inconsolabily. From the maternal side of the Begum at Dadoo Basantgarh as many as 70 people were killed. Muslims were assembled in the mansion of Colonel Abdur Rehman and burnt alive. The Begum’s mother and two brothers were also killed. At village Sailan Da Palad, a huge fire was lit in which bodies were thrown to roast.[xxxvi]
Master Sheikh Ghulam Hussain, father of noted Punjabi and Urdu fiction writer, Khalid Hussain, aged 37 was asked to call his God, as he would say Azan (call for prayers) at a high pitch. Hussain, who was carrying a copy of the Quran recited the verses of Azan and jumped into the fire before the marauders would have killed him. He was burnt alive. Hussain’s father, Sheikh Habib Ullah, brothers, Sheikh Abdul Karim and Sheikh Abdul Qayoom, brother-in-law, Muhammad Din and two young sons were also killed in the carnage. Colonel Abdur Rehman’s entire family was eliminated. He and Ghulam Nabi Naayi, local barber, were the only two survivors of the carnage. They somehow fled from the scene. Rehman later remarried at the age of 70.
Among the casualties at Udhampur was Raja Sarwar Khan of Mirpur who was Wazir-i-Wazarat or Deputy Commissioner of Udhampur district. Khan was tricked into a conspiracy. He was told by one Amarnath Sharma, who later became a minister, that Raja of Chenahni had sent a word for him to shift there for his safety. Khan believed Sharma and left for Chenahni in his car. He had hardly travelled a mile when his vehicle was ambushed by a gang of killers and was killed in cold blood.[xxxvii]
Chenahni jagir was yet another scene of slaughter. Muslims in the jagir were in minority and their number stood at 2205 against 9581 Hindus [Census of 1941]. The survivors believe that Maharani Tara Devi, wife of Hari Singh, instigated the rioters. About 80 Muslims – women, children and infim males – who could not flee as did many others to safer places like Marmat -were collected at one place and kept there for about a month. Later, they were taken out of Chenahni on the promise of transporting them to Pakistan but were massacred at Gangladi, Lower Kud.[xxxviii] A group of 155 Muslims led by one Amiruddin was tricked by a killer jatha into gruesome killing by assuring them safety. Sant Ram, one of the rioters, had taken them and lodged in a double storied Dak Bungalow at Guna village. The door was bolted from outside and the building set on fire. They were all roasted alive. A lady, Fatima Bibi, jumped out of the window but was killed by a bullet fired by one Jabu Brahmin.
The raja of Chenahni, Ram Chand, had accompanied Hari Singh when he ran away from Kashmir. Survivors believe that he was actively involved in the massacre and had forewarned one of his Muslim employees to flee as there would be “a big rola (riot) tomorrow”. Jamal ud Din, 80, of Chhenai who had seen those terrible times, says that the raja later died a miserable death as he was afflicted with a disease that grew worms on his body. The body was washed away by flash flood when it lay on the pyre for last rites.[xxxix]
Chenahni was also the scene of another spine chilling incident in which the family of Qazis allegedly slaughtered their womenfolk to save their honour. Six ladies of the household including young girls were slayed by their own kin before the rioters broke into the house with the evil intention of defiling the women but finding them dead, they killed the two men.[xl] The family had earlier fled Chhenani fearing trouble but had been recalled by killers on the assurance that they will not be harmed. Only four families survived the carnage in Chhenani. Mohammad Mukhtar and Nizam ud Din converted to Hinduism for fear of life but returned to their faith once peace was restored.
In Katua district Hindus were in majority with the highest
preponderance in tehsil Basohli. The total Muslim population in the
district was over 45,000 with the largest and the smallest minority in
Kathua and Basohli tehsils, respectively where they suffered organized
violence. Near Kathua town, as many as 8000 Muslims were massacred on
October 20th 1947 and only 40 survived in the carnage.[xli] In Billawar area Muslims were killed and womenfolk raped and abducted by Hindu communalists.[xlii] Many fled to Doda side from Machedi and other areas.
Obaidur-Rehman of Basohli town who was an employee of the revenue department was on tour outside the town when rioters attacked Muslims there. There was a mohalla of Kashmiri shawl workers whose inhabitants were slaughtered. In Obaid’s own mohalla everyone was killed including fifteen members of his family and ten of his father-in-law’s family. One day local Hindus told Muslims that since riots had started in Jammu it might not take long for flames to reach Basohli and before that happened they must go down the hill and cross the Ravi River for safety. As the Muslims gathered in large numbers and were crossing the river the rioters, mostly non- locals, attacked them. Obaid believes that about 500 people of all ages were butchered in the river in which not much water flowed those days.[xliii] After coming to know about the massacre Obaid fled to Bhaderwah and returned only after a year to see that houses of Muslims had been razed to ground on the directions of Tehsildar of Basohli, Pandit Yog Dayan, in a bid to remove any evidence of their ever having lived there.
Violence in Jammu district affected all its four tehsils – R. S. Pura, Akhnoor, Samba and Jammu. Of the total population (431,362) of the district, Hindus were in a significant majority at 248,173 (57%) while Muslims accounted for 170,789 (39%) [Census of 1941].
In the border tehsil of R S Pura where Hindus only slightly exceeded Muslims [46,275 Hindus against 45,949 Muslims, Census of 1941] the latter suffered heavy casualties. The attackers were mostly Sikh refugees from Pakistan and local lower caste Hindus. The village of Darsopur where Muslims were in 70% majority was gripped with tension. They had gathered at a place where rioters attacked them. A survivor of the carnage and former legislator, Chowdhary Fateh Muhammad, recalls:
“There was a massacre of Muslims. The attack was made during the day. The tragedy befell our relatives also and there were families in which two to four members each were killed.”[xliv]
Chowdhary’s grand parents and paternal aunts were also killed while his mother and sister were separated from him in the melee. He was rescued by a Hindu, Shankar Das, who accompanied him to the border for cross over to Pakistan where he lived for some years only to return in 1953 after undergoing a jail term for suspicion of being an Indian agent. Chowdhary does not remember the date of the massacre but recalls that it was October as “crops in the fields had ripened.”
In Akhnoor tehsil, where the population of Hindus and Muslims stood at 55,325 and 32,611, respectively, as many as 15,000 Muslims were reportedly done to death on October 20.[xlv] Violence was also reported from other parts of the tehsil including Chhamb, Deva Batala and Manawar. The Samba massacre on October 22 accounted for 14,000 Muslim victims.[xlvi] The tehsil had a Muslim population of 35,642 as against Hindu majority of 51,479.
Elsewhere in Jammu Province, Bhaderwah, Kishtwar and Doda also witnessed violence.[xlvii] In Doda, family of Sheikh Abdur Rehman, who is now a senior Bhahujan Samaj Party leader, was killed. Those who wanted an anti-Muslim flare up there had spread a false rumour that Muslims in Doda had revolted, killed Hindus and coronated one Khalil Kitchloo as their king. “Those days wherever the Dogra armymen would go they spread such rumours about the place which was followed by massacre of Muslims.”[xlviii]
“In the meantime, the Maharaja also had to flee from Srinagar and he came here. His wife came out on streets wailing with dishelved hair and saying to people that Muslims had dethroned them. The Maharaja’s army had also returned defeated from Poonch, Rajouri, Nowshehra and Kashmir and was nursing a grudge against Muslims. All this contributed to a situation where Muslims of Jammu suffered devastation.”[l]
Until middle of October, there was relative peace in Jammu City though killing of rural Muslims and their migration to Pakistan was underway.
The Muslim dominated areas were denied water supply and foodgrains. There was complete nexus between the marauders, the administration and the army. Hindus had taken up positions on their houses situated at the border line of Lakhdata Bazar and Peer Mitha. They were later joined by troops from Patiala Army which was already in Jammu before the Accession and built bunkers in the houses of Hindus. The troopers who had come to protect the Muslims in Talab Khatikan and Urdu Bazar (now Rajinder Bazar) actually opened fire on them. Advocate Salahria’s brother Naseer Ahmad was one among the victims.
Raja Sohbat Ali Khan’s heroics during that awful time are now part of the folklore of Jammu. Khan who came from Mirpur in western Jammu Province, now in Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir, was an exemplary police officer feared by criminals. During the time of violence he was incharge of Thana Gumat in Jammu City. He would rush with his contingent to any spot where he heard there was a riot, arrest the culprits and parade them through the city roads. As long as he was around Muslims of the city slept peacefully at night.[lvi] One day he was called to the residence of a Superintendent of Police near Tawi River. Suddenly he heard screams of women and children and the sound of gunfire as if people were being killed around the Tawi. He had no arms with him and snatched a gun from a guard outside the Superintendent of Police’s residence and ran in the direction of the gunfire. “Word spread quickly that Raja was fighting a large number of Hindus single-handed. Every Muslim in the city who heard the report began to pray for Raja’s safety.”[lvii] He was killed fighting the marauders. As the news reached there a pal of gloom fell on the Muslim localities of the city. His bullet riddled body was later recovered from the river by a group of youth who buried it with bare hands. Raja Sohbat Ali’s and Raja Sarwar Khan’s killing “adversely affected the atmosphere in Mirpur”[lviii] where Hindus had to migrate in the face of attacks on them and their property.
In the prevailing tension all kinds of rumours were spread about
Muslims getting armed and attacking Hindus. This was done with a purpose
and to justify what happened later. The administration imposed curfew
in the city but it was meant only for Muslim population. Hindus,
especially the rioting mobs, moved about freely in streets under the
full gaze of the army. Ved Bhasin recalls:
“The houses of Hindus in Kachhi Chhawni were used as arms dumps from were rioters would come out, board jeeps and roam in the city. The convoys of RSS activists would start from the house of Prem Nath Dogra, the Praja Parishad chief. Some Sikh refugees also joined them. They moved freely from lane to lane massacring people.”[lix]
The administration ran a training camp at Rehari where Hindus and Sikhs were imparted training in use of firearms.Ved Bhasin, who was advised by Chet Ram Chopra to send his volunteers for arms training instead of working for peace, and Balraj Puri sent two of their men to the camp to see what was happening there and they saw the army training RSS youth to use 303-rifles. On the one hand Hindus and Sikhs were given arms training and on the other Muslims were ordered to deposit with the government whatever arms they possessed and the administration demobilised a large number of Muslim soldiers in the State army as well as the Muslim police officers whose loyalty it suspected. “Hindus and Sikhs were apparently given weapons taken from Muslims disarmed by the Maharaja’s forces. These weapons were then used against Muslims.”[lx]
As Muslims in the city lay besieged, the administration acted upon a well thought of plan to bring them out and deal with them. On November 5 the government asked the beseiged Muslims to assemble at the Police Lines at Jogi Gate for transporting them to Pakistan as there was ‘danger to their lives in Jammu’. Captain Nasiruddin took the bait of Governor Chet Ram Chopra.[lxi] Only a day earlier, Indian Home Minister, Vallabhbai Patel, Defence Minister, Sardar Baldev Singh and Maharaja of Patiala visited Jammu and had a meeting with Hari Singh.[lxii] In the absence of any material evidence it is difficult to establish a connection between the two developments but the fact remains that the visit happened only 24 hours prior to the fateful day of November 5.
Muslims of the city assembled at the Police Lines. Vehciles were arranged for their transportation and the first batch comprising several hundreds was hudled in about 40 to 60 lorries on November 5. The lorries were escorted by the army but suddenly diverted from the road to Sialkot towards Digiana where troopers, and armed jathas were waiting for them. Passengers were dragged out of the lorries and killed. The soldiers either joined the killers in the carnage or simply looked the other way while slaughter was on. Among massacred was the family of Mehboob-ul-Haq, later Pakistan’s Finance Minister and famous economist. One of the survivors was the daughter of prominent leader of Muslims, Chowdhary Ghulam Abbas, who was abducted and later recovered.
Another survivor was Dr. Abdul Karim who was pulled out of the lorry and seriously injured. As many as 30 members of his family were shot dead before his eyes. He was told that his life was spared and if he had the courage he must go to Pakistan and weep for his entire life but if he could not make it there vultures will have a doctor’s meat to feast on.[lxiii] He was made to stand up facing Pakistan and kicked in the back. An injured Karim somehow reached Sialkot. Mai Malan of Dalpatian also went through this ordeal and managed to reach Pakistan along with her two sons and daughter-in-law where her younger son, Ikram ul Haque, later became a noted teacher of physics and then a councillor in Pakistan Embassy in Austria.
At the carnage site, blood stains on the lorries were washed before sending them back to the Police Lines. As the lorries arrived there earlier than one could have expected these to return from the border, Shabir Ahmad Salahria, then 13 years old, was waiting for his turn along with his parents and brothers to be transported to Pakistan the next day. He suspected that some thing was wrong as vehicles could not have returned from the border so soon. Word was spread at the Police Lines camp that those who had left for Pakistan in the morning had safely reached there. Nobody at the camp knew the reality. They were waiting for the morning to board the lorries for their journey to safety. Next morning, the action was re-played. There were more people in the lorries than on the previous day.
Among the ill fated passengers on the second day,
besides Salahrias, was Abdul Aziz Bhat, Head Master of Hari Singh High
School and later Registrar of Jammu & Kashmir University, his young
wife and two little daughters aged two and a half years and six months.
The vehicles were again diverted towards Samba instead of driving
straight to Sialkot. Those who were familiar with the route asked the
reason and were told that there was some problem on that side and hence
the alternate route was taken. The diversion was according to the plan.
As the vehicles covered some distance the passengers saw armed gangs on
prowl who immediately attacked the lorries. They killed them in hundreds
and looted whatever jewellery the women possed. Reflecting on the
tragedy befallen on him Bhat recalls:
“I had my eldest daughter, Masooda, in my lap while my wife was holding the infant. As I came down, somebody shouted ‘fire’. A bullet hit me in the hand as I was holding Masooda close to my chest. I saw blood flowing on my clothes but had no idea what had happened. Masooda did not cry or make a movement. There was a canal where surviving helpless women had collected and taken shelter in the water. My wife was one among them. As she saw me she came forward and took the child from me. She noticed that Masooda was dead and her intestines had come out of her tiny body. The innocent little girl had been martyred. The bullet severing my left hand thumb had pierced her body and the poor child, without a moan or cry, had died on the spot.”[lxiv]
There was no burial of the dead. The corpses lay scattered all over the area. Broken with pain and grief, Bhat slipped the body into the canal to give innocent Masooda her funeral in water. There was no count of the dead. Bhat recalls having seen among the slain Professor Umar Din who taught Persian at the Prince of Wales College, Jammu.
Shabir Salahria was pulled out of the lorry by an attacker. He ran for cover behind adjacent high grass but was dragged out by a soldier who wanted to shoot him. In the meanwhile, a gang of rioters armed with swords and speras attacked him. He sustained grievous injuries in arm, head and back and fell unconcious. The attackers took him for dead. He regained consciouness at about noon and saw two of his neighbours among the scattered corpses. His two younger brothers, Nazir Ahmad and Salahuddin, had also survived but his parents had been killed. He estimates about 600 to 700 people being killed in the carnage that day.
In Jammu City, Ustad Mohalla more or less remained untouched by violence although attempts were made to harm Muslim inhabitants. A local wealthy Hindu, Bakshi Hardat, posted his armed men in the lanes to thwart attempts by rioters to atack Muslims.[lxv] The attackers were repulsed and the situation saved. Prem Nath Dogra, leader of the Hindu communal party, Praja Parishad, himself lived in the area and did not want the situation there to get out of hand.[lxvi]
The Muslim Conference believed 5000 to be a rough estimate of the abducted women.[lxviii] Many of these unfortunate victims were recovered later. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah’s deputy, Bakhshi Ghulam Muhammad, who became Prime Minister of the Indian Administered Jammu & Kashmir in 1953 after Abdullah was deposed and imprisoned, is creditted with recovering many women from their tormentors. “He would personally enter into the houses of the Hindu Rajputs, recover abducted Muslim girls and arrange their safe dispatch to Pakistan to join their kith and kin.”[lxix] Abdullah’s wife, Begum Akbar Jahan, helped in organizing camps and rehabilitating many recued women.[lxx]
Among the recued was the daughter of Chowdhary Ghulam Abbas. She was sent to his father in Pakistan where he and his colleague, Allah Rakha Sagar, had been dispatched by Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah in exchange of Brigadier Gansara Singh and few others. Munilal, a Hindu of Jammu who shared a close relationship with Abbas “played a big part”[lxxi] in the recovery his daughter. Munilal several times visited Abbas in Pakistan and at one such occasion a sumptuous feast was arranged for him in which legendry cricket players of Pakistan, Hanif Muhammad and his brother, Wazir Muhammad, were also invited.
Abduction of women did not confine to one or two particular areas but happened almost everywhere where Muslims were attacked. On October 22, 1947 when reportedly 14,000 people were massacred in Samba, “all the Muslim women in the village were apparently taken away by the State troops, and the men were slaughtered with the exception of fifteen survivors, who escaped to Sialkot”.[lxxii] Likewise, during the massacre at Maogaon on October 23 in which 25,000 Muslims were slaughtered, their women and all their personal belongings were taken away from them by the Dogra troops.[lxxiii]
Nazir Ahmad of Mohalla Afghanan in the old city of Jammu who was 8 years old saw young Muslim women being dragged by hair out of a camp at Usatad Mohalla, bundled into waiting army trucks and driven to unknown places.[lxxiv] The unfortunate victims had lost their parents, husbands and brothers to carnages. Nazir is 75 today and breaks down while recounting the horrific incident which is haunting him ever since. The women, who he beleives were in hundreds, had been rescued from different areas of Jammu, Kathua and Udhampur districts and were lodged in a camp from where they were forcibly lifted and smuggled, possibly, to Punjab. In many cases, Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah squarely blames the RSS activists under Prem Nath Dogra for kidnaping Muslim women from such camps.[lxxv]
The story of Razia Begum, daughter of Chowdhary Abdullah Khan of Chak Jafar village in Mishriwalla, Akhnoor Tehsil of Jammu district is one of the umpteen shocking tales of that period.[lxxvi] Her father was a Member of the Praja Sabha (Assembly) under Maharaja Hari Singh’s rule. Razia was married in Darsopur village of Miran Sahab few months before anti-Muslim violence broke out in Jammu and was 15-16 years old. Her grand father-in-law, grand mother-in-law and one brother-in-law were killed in violence. When Muslims of the area were gripped with fear the head of her family gave his womenfolk in the custody of a Hindu acquaintance who betrayed him and handed over the women, including Razia, to rioters.
The women were herded to a factory at Miran Sahab and then taken away by rioters. A man came with a gun and took Razia to his home. He was already married and his parents asked him either to drop the lady where he had picked her from or kill her. He did neither and instead took Razia to his sister’s place but his parents objected to this upon which he took her to his friend, Thakur Balwan Singh. He told Balwan, a widower, to shelter Razia for a few days after which he will rent a house in Jammu City and keep her.
Balwan abducted Razia to Punjab and forcibly married her. He kept on chaning locations for fear of Razia being traced and recovered as many such Muslim ladies were later. He had three children with her including two daughters and a son and passed away in Punjab in 1965. After Balwan’s death Razia returned to Jammu along with her children. On her return she was pregnant with her third child. One day in 1974, when she was in the Deputy Commissioner’s office in connection with some land related matter she saw her sister-in-law [her Muslim husband’s sister]but did not muster courage to meet her. On her next visit to the Deputy Commissioner’s office she gathered herself and knocked the door of the house and went inside. Her sister-in-law, Zainab, recognized her only by her voice.
Meanwhile, Razia’s husband from her first marraige had remarried. On Zaina’s insistence, she shifted to Dalpatian and took her two daughters along. Her son, now a young man of 26, did not accompany her. The eldest daughter, previously Reva Rani, was given a Muslim name as well as the second daughter who was born in Jammu. Razia’s elder daughter was married with Zainab’s son in 1979 and is happily living as a practicing Muslim. Currently, she is translating the Quran into Dogri language and has already completed 20 of the 30 chapters. After her daughter’s marraige, Razia along with her younger daughter went to Pakistan where her parents had migrated to in the wake of massacres. Her father had expired by then and her mother and brother persuaded her to stay with them. Her elder daughter visited her mother and sister several times in Sialkot and is in touch with her brother in Jammu who did not convert and has two children. Razia passed away in 1999.
The Census Report of 1961 gives a fair clue of “the phenomenal fall in the rural population of Muslim Community in Jammu district during the last two decades [1941-1961] as a result of the mass migration to Pakistan of most of the Muslims who inhabited the various tehsils of the district.” According to the Report, the total population of Muslims in the district as a whole, as returned at the 1961 Census, is about one-third of what it was in 1941. In figures, it would mean that Muslim population in Jammu district had fallen from 160,158 in 1941 to 51,847 in 1961. In Jammu City, the fall was recorded by 3,441 person during the same period.
In rural Kathua district the fall in Muslim population was recorded at 1118 per 10,000 (11.18%) during the same period. The Report is silent about Reasi district as by 1961 the administrative units had been reconstituted and it no longer enjoyed the status of a district.
As with the number of massacred Muslims, the number of those who migrated from eastern districts of the erstwhile combined Jammu Province is variedly given by diffrent people. Towards Azad Kashmir [Lahore, p 119], published in 1948, gives a figure of 200,000 Muslims migrating to Pakistan “so far”. By late November 1947, “Over 200,000 Jammu refugees had arrived in Sialkot”.[lxxviii] A Pakistani Government publication of 1952 [Gurmani M. A., Kashmir: A Survey, p 7] estimates the number to a high of 600,000. An article published in the Dawn on January 2nd 1951 [quoted by Snedden]gives the total number of migrants as 500,000 who were believed to have arrived in Pakistan in ‘three waves’ of migration between October 1947 and early 1949. Most of the Jammu refugees settled in Sialkot.[lxxix] The migrants also included those who left for Pakistan out of their choice and also those who were forced by the ruling National Conference activists to migrate. A correct figure of the migrants, as of the massacred people, is hard to be arrived at.
Change in the demography of Jammu Province can further be appreciated by the Section on ‘Uninhabited Villages’ in the Census Report of 1961:
“… a large number of villages which were well inhabited till 1947 were completely depopulated consequent upon the migration of their population to West Pakistan and to the State territory on the other side of the Cease-Fire Line [now Line of Control]. Thus, while the number of uninhabited villages in Jammu district was only 13 both in 1941 and 1961, as many as 155 inhabited villages were completely deserted as a result of mass migration. In Kathua district also, the number of uninhabited villages had risen from 7 of 1941 to 43 in 1961. The latter include, among others, 31 depopulated villages.”
Could the government have arrested migration of Muslims to Pakistan? Expecting such an attempt on part of the Maharaja’s administration would be naive as it was actively involved in violence and changing the demographic character of the Province. However, when power was ‘transferred to people’ and Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah was made the Emergency Administrator the new dispensation too did not do any thing tangible towards this end. In fact, two of the three major waves of migration took place while Abdullah had already stepped in. He was accused of encouraging migration of Jammu Muslims and in many cases he and his National Conference activists were blamed for forcing or pushing political opponents across the border. Balraj Puri, though, believes that Abdullah could not do anything as there was diarchy and Mehar Chand Mahajan was in real control in Jammu.
Shabir Ahmad Salahria is not as charitable. According to him Sheikh
Muhammad Abdullah believed that it was good if Muslims of Jammu migrated
to Pakistan and in fact, a few thousands of them who had fled to
Kashmir too were deported by him. Krishan Dev Sethi makes a serious
allegation against Abdullah:
“Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah could have arrested the migration of Muslims from Jammu but he did not. Apparently, he tried for it but not as much as he should have. I and Moti Ram Begra, who was later Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly, went to him and requested him to stop the migration. We told him that if this was not done the demography of Jammu will be changed. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah retorted, “Jammu ke musalmanu ne mujhay kab leader mana hai”? (Muslims of Jammu never recognized me as their leader).”[lxxx]
According to Ved Bhasin when after the riots, Abdullah ,as head of the Emergency Administration, arrived in Jammu he was shown documentary evidence of involvement of the adminstration and RSS activists but instead of proceeding against the killers he tried to appease the Hindu communalists. “I do not know why but perhaps his feeling was that the Muslims in Jammu were not his supporters”, says Bhasin. Wazira Begum too believes that Abdullah cared less about the plight of Muslims of Jammu for “they did not recognise him as their leader.”[lxxxi] Two other eyewitnesses, Om Chopra, 95, of Purani Mandi who now resides at Trikuta Nagar and Sudhir Kumar Sharma, 84, of Residency Road hold that Abdullah did not act when on his arrival as Head of the Administration at Jammu he was asked to stop violence against Muslims.[lxxxii]
Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah himself holds a different view. According to
him the remainder of Muslims who survived the massacre wanted to go to
Pakistan after what they had undergone in Jammu. He tried to disuade
them from migration and offered them every help for their resettlement
but they thought their remedy was in reaching Sialkot. Their desire to
migrate to Pakistan was “respected and they were boarded in lorries and
sent across the border through Suchetgarh.”[lxxxiii]
The violence in Jammu Province consumed tens of thousands of people, hundreds of thousands were driven out, women were abducted and raped and habitations torched and looted. All this happened and not a single FIR was lodged nor any enquiry ordered into the systematically executed carnages. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah is believed to have attempted an enquiry against Mehar Chand Mahajan and Maharaja Hari Singh but the initiative was allegedly scuttled by Jawaharlal Nehru.[lxxxiv] According to Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Abdullah had started collecting evidence against the duo to prove their complicity in the genocide. Notwithstanding Saraf’s assertion, Abdullah remained in power for six years post-November 1947 but nothing is known about any official attempt to enquire one of the most gruesome man-made tragedies of our times nor does he give any idea in his autobiography, Aatashe-i-Chinar, about such an attempt.
Abdullah’s successors also slept over the matter as if nothing had happened during those bloody months of 1947. In fact, many of those who had soaked their hands in the blood of Muslims were rewarded by the Government. Tehsildar Chander Udhay Singh who supervised massacre at Ram Nagar was placed under suspension by Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah but was subsequently reinstated by Bakhshi Ghulam Mohammad. Some of those who led riots in Udhampur and Bhaderwah later joined the National Conference with some even serving as ministers. The RSS head, Chuni Lal Kotwal, became minister in Bakshi’s regime. So did Amarnath Sharma of Udhampur.[lxxxv]
Dr. Karan Singh, who was appointed as the Regent in 1949 – after his father, Hari Singh, stepped down as the ruler – and later served as the Sadr-i-Riyasat and
Governor of Jammu & Kashmir for a long time, maintains screaming
silence over the massacres. This writer approached him in December 2011
and February 2012 with a questionnaire regarding his father’s alleged
role in the massacre of Muslims and his own silence on the subject but
did not get any answer. A request for an interview was also not acceded
to. “What would Karan Singh say? His father was involved in the
massacre”, observed Sethi when asked why the Heir Apparent chose to
avoid these questions.[lxxxvi]
Queries under the Right to Information Act by the present author seeking information about the number of people killed in and migrating from Jammu in the wake of violence in 1947, role of the administration and if any enquiry was ever conducted or is going to be conducted remained unreplied by the Jammu & Kashmir Governmen’s General Administration Department, Home Department and the Divisional Commissioner Jammu’s office.
The victims of Jammu carnages still wait, some in body and the rest in soul, for justice which has alluded them all these decades. A Truth & Reconciliation Commission to go into the horrendous events is long overdue and alone could alleviate their pain.
___________
About the author
Khalid Bashir Ahmad is a poet, historian and author whose Jhelum: The River Through My Backyard
has added the Jhelum Factor to the history of Kashmir. Recently retired
as Secretary J&K Academy of Art, Culture & Languages, he is
currently working on a book on Kashmir history. He can be reached at kbahmad05@gmail.com
References and Notes:
[i]Richard Symonds, The Making of Pakistan, London, 1950, p 74 [ii] Christopher Snedden, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu? Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. XXIV, no.2 (2001), p 111.
[iii] Ian Stephens, Pakistan, New York, 1963, p 200.
[iv] KASHMIR, Selected Documents, Statements by the Representatives of India & Pakistan in the Security Council, 1950.
[v] Christopher Snedden, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu? Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. XXIV, no.2 (2001), p 121.
[vi] Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing of Jammu Muslims in 1947 [http://bloodiedrivers.wordpress.com/2013/02/17]
[vii] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 107.
[viii]Christopher Snedden, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu? Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. XXIV, no.2 (2001), p 120.
[ix] MohammadAbdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar [Gulshan], p 311.
[x] Karan Singh, Autobiography, Oxford, 1989, p 37.
[xi] Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Vol II, p 814-15. Saraf quotes a Jammu medico, Dr. Abdul Karim, as being told by an eyewitness, Akbar Ali Haidri, that the latter along with one Wazir Ali happened to be near a bridge at Mishriwal when they saw some jeeps arriving there and three Gujjars, two of them young, coming from the opposite side. The jeeps halted and they saw Maharaja Hari Singh in a white suit getting out of the jeep along with Thakur Philail Singh and Thakur Faquir Singh. He pulled out his revolver and fired at the Gujjars. Two of them fell down on the spot while the third one tried to run away but a short in the back felled him as well.
[xii] Qudratullah Shahab, Shahab Nama, p 376.
[xiii] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[xiv] Balraj Puri in an interview with the author on December 4th 2011.
[xv] Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, The Kashmir Saga, p 7 quoted by Snedden in his paper, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu?
[xvi] Balraj Puri in an interview with the author on December 4th 2011.
[xvii] Shabir Ahmad Salahria in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[xviii] Ibid.
[xix] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[xx] Ibid.
[xxi] Alastair Lamb, Incomplete Partition, Roxford 19997, p 128.
[xxii] Christopher Snedden, Kashmir-The Unwritten History, p 51
[xxiii] Ibid, p 51-52
[xxiv] Ibid, p 52
[xxv] Ibid, p 53
[xxvi] Ibid, p 53
[xxvii] Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, Aatash-i-Chinar (Gulshan), p 311.
[xxviii] Balraj Puri in an interview with the author on December 4th 2011.
[xxix] Ibid.
[xxx] Mehmood Ahmad Khan, a survivor of the Reasi massacre, in an interview with the author on January 18th 2012.
[xxxi] Khawaja Abdur Rauf of Reasi in an interview with the author on December 18th 2011.
[xxxii] Ibid.
[xxxiii] Ibid.
[xxxiv] Mehmood Ahmad Khan in an interview with the author on January 18th 2012.
[xxxv] Wazira Begum in an interview with the author on February 1st 2012. Rehmat Ullah Rad also mentions this gruesome incident in Memory Lane to Jammu, p 155-56.
[xxxvi] Ibid.
[xxxvii] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[xxxviii] Haji Muhammad Bashir of Chenani in an interview with the author on February 12th 2012.
[xxxix] Jamal ud Din in an interview with the author on February 12th 2012.
[xl] Ibid.
[xli] Kashmir-The Unwritten History, p 53, Christopher Snedden.
[xlii] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[xliii] Muhammad Sidiq Parray, My Hundred Years (unpublished), also in an interview with the author on May 9th 2010. Parray passed away at the age of 106 on March 21st 2013.
[xliv] Chowdhary Fateh Mhummmadin an interview with the author on February 12th 2012.
[xlv] Kashmir-The Unwritten History, p 53, Christopher Snedden.
[xlvi] Ibid.
[xlvii] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[xlviii] Mehmood Hashmi, Kashmir Udaas Hai, Second Edition, 1999, Lahore, p. 309, 314.
[xlix] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 89
[l] Shabir Ahmad Salahria in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[liii] Rehmat Ullah Rad, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 154.
[liv] Mehmood Hashmi, Kashmir Udaas Hai, Second Edition, 1999, Lahore, p 304.
[lv] Ibid.
[lvi] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, p 119.
[lvii] Ibid.
[lviii] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[lix] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[lx] Christopher Snedden, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu?Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. XXIV, no.2 (2001), p 120.
[lxi] Mehmood Hashmi, Kashmir Udaas Hai, Second Edition, 1999, Lahore, p 304.
[lxii] Sheikh MohammadAbdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar, [Gulshan], p 312.
[lxiii] Mehmood Hashmi, Kashmir Udaas Hai, Second Edition, 1999, Lahore, p 304-05.
[lxiv] Abdul Aziz Bhat in an interview with the author on December 1st 2011.
[lxv] Nazir Ahmad, 75, of Mohalla Afghana in an interview with the author on October 12th 2014.
[lxvi] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[lxvii] Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Vol II, p 818.
[lxviii] Civil & Military Gazette, December 2nd 1947.
[lxix] Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Vol II, p 835.
[lxx] Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar, [Gulshan], p 313.
[lxxi] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 104.
[lxxii] Kashmir-The Unwritten History, p 53, Christopher Snedden.
[lxxiii] Ibid.
[lxxiv] Nazir Ahmad Khan i n an interview with the author on October 12th 2014. Nazir’s family was rescued from Mohalla Afghana by his two maternal uncles and taken to their home in Ustad Mohalla. Immediately after their flight from their home the attackeers descended on Mohalla Afghana and wiped out a large family of a Muslim washerman.
[lxxv] Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar, [Gulshan], p 311.
[lxxvi] Story of Razia told to the author by her elder daughter on August 1st 2014.
[lxxvii] Census of India, Vol. VI, Jammu & Kashmir, Part I-A (II), General Report
[lxxviii] Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing of Jammu Muslims in 1947 [http://bloodiedrivers.wordpress.com/2013/02/17]
[lxxix] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 95
[lxxx] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[lxxxi] Wazira Begum in an interview with the author on February 1st 2012.
[lxxxii] As told to Nazir Ahmad of Mohalla Afghana who narrated this in an interview with the author on October 12th 2014.
[lxxxiii] Sheikh MohammadAbdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar, [Gulshan], p 322-23.
[lxxxiv] Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Vol II, p 818-19
[lxxxv] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[lxxxvi] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
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An unrelated century old picture of Mubarak Mandi Jammu.
Unfortunately, however, the most gruesome of massacres of 1947 involving killing of tens of thousands of Muslims with official connivance in Jammu Province has remained the least talked about occurrence in the sub-continental narratives. The massacre “appears to have slipped through the cracks of subcontinental history, overshadowed by the communal slaughter in neighbouring Punjab around the same time.”[ii] The violence was more horrendous for the active participation of the State. Jammu Province literally turned into a river of blood whose tributaries ran through the eastern districts of the undivided Province.
Jammu constituted as one of the two provinces of the Muslim-majority Jammu & Kashmir ruled by a Hindu Maharaja, Hari Singh, the fourth generation Dogra ruler. The total Muslim population of the princely state was 3.2 million as against 0.8 million Hindus. While Kashmir was an overwhelmingly Muslim majority (93%) province, in the Jammu Province including the areas now in Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir Muslims formed 61.19% of the population.
The anti-Muslim violence started in August and continued till November engulfing the eastern districts of Jammu, Udhampur, Reasi and Kathua. There are different versions on the number of Muslims killed in the planned orgies. Ian Stephens puts the figure at a staggering half a million.
“[There] within a period of about eleven weeks starting in August, systematic savageries, similar to those already launched in East Panjab and in Patiala and Kapurthala, particularly eliminated the entire Muslim element in the population, amounting to 500,000 people. About 200,000 just disappeared, remaining untraceable, having presumably been butchered, or died from epidemics. The rest fled destitute to West Punjab.”[iii]
Ved Bhasin
“Forming 40 percent of the popultion of this whole area [Jammu Province], to the north and astride the Chenab Muslims were in a majority in the Reasi, Ramban and Kishtwar areas and nearly attained parity in Bhaderwah. In the remaining Dogra areas the 237,000 Muslims were systematically exterminated – unless they escaped to Pakistan along the border – by all the forces of the Dogra State, headed by the Maharaja in person and aided by Hindus and Sikhs. This happened in October, 1947, five days before the first Pathan invasion and nine days before the Maharaja’s accession to India.
This elimination of two-thirds of the Muslims last autumn has entirely changed the present composition of eastern Jammu Province.”
The ‘extermination of 237,000 Muslims’ in Jammu Province was also raised by the Pakistan representative to the United Nations, Sir Zafrullah Khan, in the Security Council during its 464th meeting held on February 8, 1950.[iv] However, Khan referred to the Times of London publication dated October 10, 1948 instead of August 10, 1948. Many writers seem to have taken the date from him and reproduced it in their write-ups. Christopher Snedden finds fault with this assertion as “I have not been able to locate the article quoted: there was no edition of the Times of London on this day, which was a Sunday.”[v] Snedden is right in his assertion but the story regarding the number of Muslims killed in the violence was given by the Times of London in its publication of August 10, 1948. The present writer was able to access this issue of the newspaper and has quoted from it in the preceding.
The anti-Muslim violence in Jammu had two contributory factors – external and internal. The external factor was the arrival of large number of Hindu and Sikh refugees uprooted from areas that went to Pakistan and the areas of Jammu Province that later formed part of Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir. By mid-September as many as 65,000 of them were in Jammu city alone.[vi] They brought with them tales of death and plunder that poisoned atmosphere in Jammu against its Muslim population. To a limited extent threatening statements against the Kashmir Government issued on Radio Pakistan by Musim leaders who had migrated to Pakistan also added fuel to the fire. “Every time one of these leaders issued a sharp statement from Pakistan radio, firing on Muslim neighbourhood intensified.”[vii]
However, more serious than external was the internal factor in the form of complicity of the State apparatus in violence. What sets Jammu massacres – for there were many across the region – apart from those in Punjab is the official connivance. From the Prime Minister to Governor to Hindu component of the Dogra Army, everybody in the administration had his hands soaked in blood. The ruler and his wife too were never above suspicion. The internal factor had profound political motive of ethnic cleansing of Muslims from the eastern Jammu Province and changing the demography of the region.
The atmosphere against Muslims had been building up for some time. Arms were being distributed among Hindu communalist groups even as Muslims were ordered to deposit with the government all weapons they possessed. Muslim soldiers in the Maharaja’s army too were disarmed. Arms training camp for Hindus and Sikhs was established in Jammu City. Preparations appeared in full swing for organizing bloodbaths in the Province. The Muslims as disempowered subjects, although numerically quite large, were fear stricken as they had no answer to the state sponsored violence. The elite among them were migrating to Pakistan and their leadership was in jail.
Chowdhary Ghulam Abbas
In the meanwhile, the Tribal advances in Kashmir and the reverses suffered by his troops scared Hari Singh and he, as vanquished ruler, fled to Jammu. His wife, Tara Devi, was with him. She had taken full control of the palace affairs a couple of years ago and was in the grip of a dubious character and a rabid communalist, Rajguru Swami Sant Dev, who loved the company of women and had been reported against by an English lady for making passes to her young daughters.[ix] The Swami who had lived in the state during the time of Pratap Singh was banished by Hari Singh when the latter ascended the throne but made a mysterious comeback in 1944. By 1946, he had firmly ensconced himself as rajguru and was installed by the Maharaja in the Cheshmashahi Guset House.[x] Swami had kindled the desire in Hari Singh to become a sovereign of an independent Jammu & Kashmir once the British had departed from India.
State sponsored violence
Hari Singh
“Soon after entering into the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan Maharaja Hari Singh decided that the entire Muslim population in Jammu Province should be wiped out. Himself taking the command of the task he let loose like hounds the contingents of Dogra army, police and Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh on Muslim subjects.”[xii]
Krishan Dev Sethi
“Governor Chet Ram Chopra and DIG Police, Bakhshi Udhay Chand, also played vital role. The administration too participated in the massacre. Organized armed Hindu jathas (groups) went as far as Bhimbhar.”[xiii]
Corroborating Sethi’s view on Hari Singh’s link up with the RSS, social activist, Balraj Puri, an eyewitness to Jammu violence, says: “The Maharaja had RSS leader Guru Golwalkar as his personal guest and his rajguru, Sant Dev’s role was also dubious.”[xiv] The role of the RSS in anti-Muslim violence in Jammu Provice is a matter of record. That a conspiracy was hatched at the highest level of power is alluded to by Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, former President of Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir, according to whom a secret meeting of some non-Muslim rulers of Indian princely states was held near Srinagar in July 1947 where a “conspiracy was devised in collaboration with the RSS from Amritsar to carry out a wholesale massacre of Musssalmans [Muslims] in the State, beginning with Poonch where they expected stiff resistance… A plan was evolved to completely wipe out the Muslim population in the city of Jammu, and also in the districts of Jammu Province.”[xv]
Hari Singh’s hands have not been quite clean. While fleeing from Srinagar he is accused of directing his people en-route Jammu to ‘finish’ Muslims. Balraj Puri also alludes to this allegation[xvi]. According to senior advocate of Jammu & Kashmir High Court and a survivor of the carnage, Shabir Ahmad Salahria:
“The role of Maharaja Hari Singh in fuelling communal riots cannot be overlooked. He was responsible for fuelling attacks on Muslims. The Maharaja visited many places and instead of dousing communal flames he encouraged rioters.”[xvii]
Shabir Ahmad Salahria
Ved Bhasin, who has lived through the developments unfolding in Jammu in 1947, believes that the administration was fully responsible for the massacre of Muslims and changing the demographic character of Jammu.[xix] He recalls that as a student leader during those horrible times he had published a pamphlet titled ‘Insaniyat Ke Naam’ (In the Name of Humanity) urging for communal amity. He was summoned by Governor Chet Ram Chopra and warned to desist from issuing appeals for peace or else he will be arrested. Chopra told him that there was danger from Muslims and hence Hindus and Sikhs were being imparted training in firearms. Bhasin also recalls a meeting taken by Maharaja’s last Prime Minister, Mehar Chand Mahajan, which he also attended, where the latter said that power was being transferred to people and Hindus and Sikhs should demand parity with Muslims. When asked how was that possible as they were in minority, Mahajan, pointing towards the forest area down the Maharaja’s palace where corpses of recently butchered Muslim Gujajrs were scattered, said “ the population ratio can change.”[xx]
“[The] State authorities joined openly in this anti-Muslim policy by setting out to create along the State’s border with Pakistan (in the region of Gujarat and Sialkot) a depopulated zone some three miles deep. Hindus here were evacuated. Muslims were either killed or driven across into Pakistan. On a number of occasions Jammu & Kashmir State Forces actually crossed over into Pakistan and destroyed villages there… Early in October British observers saw in one such village on the Pakistan side of the border no fewer than 1,700 corpses of slaughtered Muslim men, women and children.”[xxi]
Organized violence against Muslims was also observed by journalist, G. K. Reddy, who was removed as Editor of Kashmir Times and ousted from Jammu & Kashmir for advocating its accession to Pakistan. He saw “a mad orgy of Dogra violence against unarmed Muslims [that]should put any self-respecting human being to shame”.[xxii] Reddy in an interview published in the Civil & Military Gazette on October 28, 1947 saw “armed bands of ruffians and soldiers shooting down and hacking to pieces helpless Muslim refugees heading towards Pakistan” and watching officials and military officers “directing a huge armed mob against a Muslim refuge convoy [that it]hacked to pieces.”[xxiii] He counted as many as twenty-four villages burning one night [while]all through the night the rattling fire of automatic weapons could be heard from the surrounding refugee camps. The Civil & Military Gazette in its November 21, 1947 issue also reported a party of Englishmen interviewing 200 wounded refugees at Sialkot and being “convinced that there has been a disgraceful massacre of Muslims in Jammu.”[xxiv]
The two Englishmen identified by Christopher Snedden as possible pacifist Quakers not ideologically driven, detailed ten separate violent incidents against Muslims in Jammu that occurred between the beginning of October and November 9, 1947. These incidents, reported by the Civil & Military Gazette on December 18, 1947 as also reproduced by Snedden, include massacres on October 20 near Kathua and Akhnoor Bridge, on October 22 at Samba, on October 23 at Maogaon, on November 5 and 6 at Jammu City and on November 9 near Suchetgarh. As many as 70,000 Muslims were reported to have been killed in these seven incidents alone.[xxv]
Of the seven specific incidents of violence four occurred when Hari Singh was still in power and had not acceded to India. “The killers supposedly included ‘State’ or ‘Dogra’ troops in all instances.”[xxvi] At one point in time, G. C. Bali, Deputy Director General of Intelligence and a confidante of the Indian Prime Minister, wrote to Jawaharlal Nehru from Jammu that the Dogra and Rajput soldiers of the army were “torching villages like rioters, abducting women and raping them. The silence of the Maharaja and people in power here was only emboldening them”.[xxvii]
Balraj Puri
“The killing of Muslims was well organized. The hand of the administration was clearly visible. I sent a telegram to the government from Reasi informing that threat to Muslims there was looming large. Instead of sending security for their protection, a jatha of Hindu communalists came to me on the second or third day and their leader asked where lay the danger and that they would like to go there and see. It was a strange situation. These were the people against whom I had sent a telegram and here they were demanding to know where the danger was! Obviously, the government machinery was actively involved in the massacre. How else would the rioters have known about the telegram?[xxviii]
Boodbath across the Province
The killing of Muslims outside Jammu City had started in August 1947 and continued for months at diffrent places. The districts of Reasi, Udhampur, Kathua and Chenahni jagir in east Jammu Province were the worst scenes of savagery. No mercy was shown to women, children or the aged. Many a time the victims were promised to be taken to safer places but murdered in cold blood. In most of the cases the murderers were known faces. Rishi Kumar Kaushal, who later became a senior politician of Jammu, took part in the slaughter of Muslims in Reasi.[xxix] He was seen running after the victims with a gun and shooting them down.[xxx] At Ram Nagar in Udhampur district, Tehsildar Chander Udhay Singh, son of Maharaja’s ADC, Brigadier Faqir Singh, supervised massacre of Muslims.Reasi saw one of the worst carnages. Muslims, both in the district and tehsil of Reasi, were in majority. Their over all population in the district (which then included area under the present Rajouri district), as per Census of 1941, was 1,75, 539 (67%) as against 80,725 Hindus (31%). Likewise, in Reasi tehsil the number of Muslims was 64,144 as against 52, 501 Hindus. Despite being in majority Muslims were attacked and killed by armed Hindu gangs who had mostly come from outside Reasi.
On November 4, 1947, a jatha (band) of 500-600 armed men arrived in Reasi town camped at Sher Bagh where now the Deputy Commissioner’s office is located. Preparations for the attack had been made at Jammu. Ahmad Shah Kalla, a respectable of the area, Abdul Aziz Bhat, a Panch, and Muzaffar Ahmad, a judge, went to the Deputy Commissioner and informed him about the arrival of the jatha and their apprehensions about an attack on Muslims.[xxxi] He undermined the development saying that no armed men had arraived in Reasi. The three men decided to go to Sher Bagh to persuade the jatha to go away but, having no faith in him, refused to take the Deputy Commissioner with them. Instead, they chose a prominent Hindu liberal, Shanti Swaroop [father of Balraj Puri], to accompany them. The four of them went to the Sher Bagh and tried to reason with the armed men the need for communal peace. Kalla pleaded with them that local Hindus and Muslims had formed a peace committee and decided to maintain communal harmony in the area. He asked them to go away from Reasi but they did not listen to him and one of them pulled out his sword and killed him on the spot.[xxxii] Abdul Aziz Bhat and Muzaffar Ahmad were also killed. A shocked Shanti Swaroop felt helpless and later shut himself up in his house.
Abdul Aziz Bhat
The survivors have chilling memories of the massacre. Mehmood Ahmad Khan, who was about 6-7 years old when riots in Reasi broke out, recalls that it was about 3 P.M. when rioters let hell loose on them.[xxxiv] Mehmood’s is a heart rending story. Five of his family members including mother, father and brothers were killed. His two sisters and nieces were put on logs and pushed into the Chenab ostensibly to drown them in the river. His mother alongwith her one year old son, Yunis, was drowned while saving the girls. Left alone, Mehmood was taken by a Hindu and kept hidden from rioters for two days. Then the rioters showed up and took him to the river bank to kill him. Mercifully, an army man named Makhan rescued him and took him to his home in Khairian. He was not treated well there and ultimately Birbal, a Brahmin took him to his place, converted him to Hinduism through a Pandit (priest) at a specially held function and rechristened him as Gulaboo. He spotted choti (tuff of hair) and was told that if somebody asked his name he should tell the assumed name Gulabo. He was with Birbal for two years shepherding his goats with other children of the village of his age.
One day, Pandit Durga Dutt, a hakeem of Reasi happened to pass through the village and recognized Mehmood. Dutt went back to Reasi and informed Haji Akbar, one of handful of Muslim survivors there, about his fate and asked him to get Mehmood back. A man was sent to Khairian who asked Birbal to let Mehmood go with him. Birbal did not object. Gulaboo’s choti was shaved signalling his return to the original faith. In early 1980s, Mehmood came to know that his two sisters and nieces who were pushed into the Chenab had luckily crossed the river and escaped to Sialkot in Pakistan. In 1983, he visited them. After about 45 years he also visited Khairian village and met the ‘boys’ with whom he would graze goats of Birbal. He visited the house of Birbal but found out that he had passed away.
Mehmood Ahmad Khan
In Udhampur, as narrated by a massacre survivor and former legislator, Wazira Begum, children were cut into small pieces and cooked with rice to be served to survivors of the massacre.[xxxv] On seeing pieces of tiny fingers in food women got hysterical and cried inconsolabily. From the maternal side of the Begum at Dadoo Basantgarh as many as 70 people were killed. Muslims were assembled in the mansion of Colonel Abdur Rehman and burnt alive. The Begum’s mother and two brothers were also killed. At village Sailan Da Palad, a huge fire was lit in which bodies were thrown to roast.[xxxvi]
Master Sheikh Ghulam Hussain, father of noted Punjabi and Urdu fiction writer, Khalid Hussain, aged 37 was asked to call his God, as he would say Azan (call for prayers) at a high pitch. Hussain, who was carrying a copy of the Quran recited the verses of Azan and jumped into the fire before the marauders would have killed him. He was burnt alive. Hussain’s father, Sheikh Habib Ullah, brothers, Sheikh Abdul Karim and Sheikh Abdul Qayoom, brother-in-law, Muhammad Din and two young sons were also killed in the carnage. Colonel Abdur Rehman’s entire family was eliminated. He and Ghulam Nabi Naayi, local barber, were the only two survivors of the carnage. They somehow fled from the scene. Rehman later remarried at the age of 70.
Among the casualties at Udhampur was Raja Sarwar Khan of Mirpur who was Wazir-i-Wazarat or Deputy Commissioner of Udhampur district. Khan was tricked into a conspiracy. He was told by one Amarnath Sharma, who later became a minister, that Raja of Chenahni had sent a word for him to shift there for his safety. Khan believed Sharma and left for Chenahni in his car. He had hardly travelled a mile when his vehicle was ambushed by a gang of killers and was killed in cold blood.[xxxvii]
Wazira Begum
Chenahni jagir was yet another scene of slaughter. Muslims in the jagir were in minority and their number stood at 2205 against 9581 Hindus [Census of 1941]. The survivors believe that Maharani Tara Devi, wife of Hari Singh, instigated the rioters. About 80 Muslims – women, children and infim males – who could not flee as did many others to safer places like Marmat -were collected at one place and kept there for about a month. Later, they were taken out of Chenahni on the promise of transporting them to Pakistan but were massacred at Gangladi, Lower Kud.[xxxviii] A group of 155 Muslims led by one Amiruddin was tricked by a killer jatha into gruesome killing by assuring them safety. Sant Ram, one of the rioters, had taken them and lodged in a double storied Dak Bungalow at Guna village. The door was bolted from outside and the building set on fire. They were all roasted alive. A lady, Fatima Bibi, jumped out of the window but was killed by a bullet fired by one Jabu Brahmin.
The raja of Chenahni, Ram Chand, had accompanied Hari Singh when he ran away from Kashmir. Survivors believe that he was actively involved in the massacre and had forewarned one of his Muslim employees to flee as there would be “a big rola (riot) tomorrow”. Jamal ud Din, 80, of Chhenai who had seen those terrible times, says that the raja later died a miserable death as he was afflicted with a disease that grew worms on his body. The body was washed away by flash flood when it lay on the pyre for last rites.[xxxix]
Chenahni was also the scene of another spine chilling incident in which the family of Qazis allegedly slaughtered their womenfolk to save their honour. Six ladies of the household including young girls were slayed by their own kin before the rioters broke into the house with the evil intention of defiling the women but finding them dead, they killed the two men.[xl] The family had earlier fled Chhenani fearing trouble but had been recalled by killers on the assurance that they will not be harmed. Only four families survived the carnage in Chhenani. Mohammad Mukhtar and Nizam ud Din converted to Hinduism for fear of life but returned to their faith once peace was restored.
Jamal ud Din
Obaidur-Rehman of Basohli town who was an employee of the revenue department was on tour outside the town when rioters attacked Muslims there. There was a mohalla of Kashmiri shawl workers whose inhabitants were slaughtered. In Obaid’s own mohalla everyone was killed including fifteen members of his family and ten of his father-in-law’s family. One day local Hindus told Muslims that since riots had started in Jammu it might not take long for flames to reach Basohli and before that happened they must go down the hill and cross the Ravi River for safety. As the Muslims gathered in large numbers and were crossing the river the rioters, mostly non- locals, attacked them. Obaid believes that about 500 people of all ages were butchered in the river in which not much water flowed those days.[xliii] After coming to know about the massacre Obaid fled to Bhaderwah and returned only after a year to see that houses of Muslims had been razed to ground on the directions of Tehsildar of Basohli, Pandit Yog Dayan, in a bid to remove any evidence of their ever having lived there.
Violence in Jammu district affected all its four tehsils – R. S. Pura, Akhnoor, Samba and Jammu. Of the total population (431,362) of the district, Hindus were in a significant majority at 248,173 (57%) while Muslims accounted for 170,789 (39%) [Census of 1941].
In the border tehsil of R S Pura where Hindus only slightly exceeded Muslims [46,275 Hindus against 45,949 Muslims, Census of 1941] the latter suffered heavy casualties. The attackers were mostly Sikh refugees from Pakistan and local lower caste Hindus. The village of Darsopur where Muslims were in 70% majority was gripped with tension. They had gathered at a place where rioters attacked them. A survivor of the carnage and former legislator, Chowdhary Fateh Muhammad, recalls:
“There was a massacre of Muslims. The attack was made during the day. The tragedy befell our relatives also and there were families in which two to four members each were killed.”[xliv]
Ch. Fateh Muhammad
Chowdhary’s grand parents and paternal aunts were also killed while his mother and sister were separated from him in the melee. He was rescued by a Hindu, Shankar Das, who accompanied him to the border for cross over to Pakistan where he lived for some years only to return in 1953 after undergoing a jail term for suspicion of being an Indian agent. Chowdhary does not remember the date of the massacre but recalls that it was October as “crops in the fields had ripened.”
In Akhnoor tehsil, where the population of Hindus and Muslims stood at 55,325 and 32,611, respectively, as many as 15,000 Muslims were reportedly done to death on October 20.[xlv] Violence was also reported from other parts of the tehsil including Chhamb, Deva Batala and Manawar. The Samba massacre on October 22 accounted for 14,000 Muslim victims.[xlvi] The tehsil had a Muslim population of 35,642 as against Hindu majority of 51,479.
Elsewhere in Jammu Province, Bhaderwah, Kishtwar and Doda also witnessed violence.[xlvii] In Doda, family of Sheikh Abdur Rehman, who is now a senior Bhahujan Samaj Party leader, was killed. Those who wanted an anti-Muslim flare up there had spread a false rumour that Muslims in Doda had revolted, killed Hindus and coronated one Khalil Kitchloo as their king. “Those days wherever the Dogra armymen would go they spread such rumours about the place which was followed by massacre of Muslims.”[xlviii]
Jammu City, conspiracy and carnage
The stories of violence in other parts of the Province were pouring into Jammu City and tension was building up among its Muslim inhabitants. With a total number of 15,920, they were in a clear minority against a population of 30,564 Hindus [Census of 1941]. Gripped with fear, they were scared of venturing out. In mohalla Jatkatian, the inhabitants demolished the walls that divided their houses to go from one to another without stepping outside.[xlix] The communalists from the majority community had vitiated the atmosphere and flamed passions. Injured refugees from Pakistan were being paraded in the streets of the city to arouse tempers against Muslims. Ved Bhasin believes that Jammu politics in 1947 was totally divided on communal lines. There was no mixing up of the two communities and politically Hindus and Muslims were at draggers drawn. Meanwhile, Maharaja Hari Singh and his wife arrived from Srinagar where they had to flee in the face of the Tribal attack. The arrival in Jammu of a defeated and psychologically wounded royal couple added fuel to the fire that had been already lit by communal forces in the wake of the creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan next door and arrival of Hindu migrants from there. Advocate Salahria recalls:“In the meantime, the Maharaja also had to flee from Srinagar and he came here. His wife came out on streets wailing with dishelved hair and saying to people that Muslims had dethroned them. The Maharaja’s army had also returned defeated from Poonch, Rajouri, Nowshehra and Kashmir and was nursing a grudge against Muslims. All this contributed to a situation where Muslims of Jammu suffered devastation.”[l]
Mubarak Mandi Heritage complex, Jammu 100-years ago.
The Muslim dominated areas were denied water supply and foodgrains. There was complete nexus between the marauders, the administration and the army. Hindus had taken up positions on their houses situated at the border line of Lakhdata Bazar and Peer Mitha. They were later joined by troops from Patiala Army which was already in Jammu before the Accession and built bunkers in the houses of Hindus. The troopers who had come to protect the Muslims in Talab Khatikan and Urdu Bazar (now Rajinder Bazar) actually opened fire on them. Advocate Salahria’s brother Naseer Ahmad was one among the victims.
Raja Sohbat Ali Khan’s heroics during that awful time are now part of the folklore of Jammu. Khan who came from Mirpur in western Jammu Province, now in Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir, was an exemplary police officer feared by criminals. During the time of violence he was incharge of Thana Gumat in Jammu City. He would rush with his contingent to any spot where he heard there was a riot, arrest the culprits and parade them through the city roads. As long as he was around Muslims of the city slept peacefully at night.[lvi] One day he was called to the residence of a Superintendent of Police near Tawi River. Suddenly he heard screams of women and children and the sound of gunfire as if people were being killed around the Tawi. He had no arms with him and snatched a gun from a guard outside the Superintendent of Police’s residence and ran in the direction of the gunfire. “Word spread quickly that Raja was fighting a large number of Hindus single-handed. Every Muslim in the city who heard the report began to pray for Raja’s safety.”[lvii] He was killed fighting the marauders. As the news reached there a pal of gloom fell on the Muslim localities of the city. His bullet riddled body was later recovered from the river by a group of youth who buried it with bare hands. Raja Sohbat Ali’s and Raja Sarwar Khan’s killing “adversely affected the atmosphere in Mirpur”[lviii] where Hindus had to migrate in the face of attacks on them and their property.
Maharani Tara Devi
“The houses of Hindus in Kachhi Chhawni were used as arms dumps from were rioters would come out, board jeeps and roam in the city. The convoys of RSS activists would start from the house of Prem Nath Dogra, the Praja Parishad chief. Some Sikh refugees also joined them. They moved freely from lane to lane massacring people.”[lix]
The administration ran a training camp at Rehari where Hindus and Sikhs were imparted training in use of firearms.Ved Bhasin, who was advised by Chet Ram Chopra to send his volunteers for arms training instead of working for peace, and Balraj Puri sent two of their men to the camp to see what was happening there and they saw the army training RSS youth to use 303-rifles. On the one hand Hindus and Sikhs were given arms training and on the other Muslims were ordered to deposit with the government whatever arms they possessed and the administration demobilised a large number of Muslim soldiers in the State army as well as the Muslim police officers whose loyalty it suspected. “Hindus and Sikhs were apparently given weapons taken from Muslims disarmed by the Maharaja’s forces. These weapons were then used against Muslims.”[lx]
As Muslims in the city lay besieged, the administration acted upon a well thought of plan to bring them out and deal with them. On November 5 the government asked the beseiged Muslims to assemble at the Police Lines at Jogi Gate for transporting them to Pakistan as there was ‘danger to their lives in Jammu’. Captain Nasiruddin took the bait of Governor Chet Ram Chopra.[lxi] Only a day earlier, Indian Home Minister, Vallabhbai Patel, Defence Minister, Sardar Baldev Singh and Maharaja of Patiala visited Jammu and had a meeting with Hari Singh.[lxii] In the absence of any material evidence it is difficult to establish a connection between the two developments but the fact remains that the visit happened only 24 hours prior to the fateful day of November 5.
Muslims of the city assembled at the Police Lines. Vehciles were arranged for their transportation and the first batch comprising several hundreds was hudled in about 40 to 60 lorries on November 5. The lorries were escorted by the army but suddenly diverted from the road to Sialkot towards Digiana where troopers, and armed jathas were waiting for them. Passengers were dragged out of the lorries and killed. The soldiers either joined the killers in the carnage or simply looked the other way while slaughter was on. Among massacred was the family of Mehboob-ul-Haq, later Pakistan’s Finance Minister and famous economist. One of the survivors was the daughter of prominent leader of Muslims, Chowdhary Ghulam Abbas, who was abducted and later recovered.
Another survivor was Dr. Abdul Karim who was pulled out of the lorry and seriously injured. As many as 30 members of his family were shot dead before his eyes. He was told that his life was spared and if he had the courage he must go to Pakistan and weep for his entire life but if he could not make it there vultures will have a doctor’s meat to feast on.[lxiii] He was made to stand up facing Pakistan and kicked in the back. An injured Karim somehow reached Sialkot. Mai Malan of Dalpatian also went through this ordeal and managed to reach Pakistan along with her two sons and daughter-in-law where her younger son, Ikram ul Haque, later became a noted teacher of physics and then a councillor in Pakistan Embassy in Austria.
At the carnage site, blood stains on the lorries were washed before sending them back to the Police Lines. As the lorries arrived there earlier than one could have expected these to return from the border, Shabir Ahmad Salahria, then 13 years old, was waiting for his turn along with his parents and brothers to be transported to Pakistan the next day. He suspected that some thing was wrong as vehicles could not have returned from the border so soon. Word was spread at the Police Lines camp that those who had left for Pakistan in the morning had safely reached there. Nobody at the camp knew the reality. They were waiting for the morning to board the lorries for their journey to safety. Next morning, the action was re-played. There were more people in the lorries than on the previous day.
Abdul Aziz Bhat
“I had my eldest daughter, Masooda, in my lap while my wife was holding the infant. As I came down, somebody shouted ‘fire’. A bullet hit me in the hand as I was holding Masooda close to my chest. I saw blood flowing on my clothes but had no idea what had happened. Masooda did not cry or make a movement. There was a canal where surviving helpless women had collected and taken shelter in the water. My wife was one among them. As she saw me she came forward and took the child from me. She noticed that Masooda was dead and her intestines had come out of her tiny body. The innocent little girl had been martyred. The bullet severing my left hand thumb had pierced her body and the poor child, without a moan or cry, had died on the spot.”[lxiv]
There was no burial of the dead. The corpses lay scattered all over the area. Broken with pain and grief, Bhat slipped the body into the canal to give innocent Masooda her funeral in water. There was no count of the dead. Bhat recalls having seen among the slain Professor Umar Din who taught Persian at the Prince of Wales College, Jammu.
Shabir Salahria was pulled out of the lorry by an attacker. He ran for cover behind adjacent high grass but was dragged out by a soldier who wanted to shoot him. In the meanwhile, a gang of rioters armed with swords and speras attacked him. He sustained grievous injuries in arm, head and back and fell unconcious. The attackers took him for dead. He regained consciouness at about noon and saw two of his neighbours among the scattered corpses. His two younger brothers, Nazir Ahmad and Salahuddin, had also survived but his parents had been killed. He estimates about 600 to 700 people being killed in the carnage that day.
In Jammu City, Ustad Mohalla more or less remained untouched by violence although attempts were made to harm Muslim inhabitants. A local wealthy Hindu, Bakshi Hardat, posted his armed men in the lanes to thwart attempts by rioters to atack Muslims.[lxv] The attackers were repulsed and the situation saved. Prem Nath Dogra, leader of the Hindu communal party, Praja Parishad, himself lived in the area and did not want the situation there to get out of hand.[lxvi]
Abduction of women
Apart from killing tens of thousands of people and forcing even a larger number to migrate to Pakistan, an unspecified number of Muslim women was abducted from diffrent parts of Jammu Province. Most of them were not returned to their families and in many cases Hindus and Sikhs forcibly married them. The abducted women were raped and smuggled out to different parts of India. Although the number of such unfortunate victims will be never known there are some estimates which say that 25,000 women were abducted from Jammu Province. However, Muhammad Yusuf Saraf considers this figure on the higher side and “a liberal estimate”.[lxvii]The Muslim Conference believed 5000 to be a rough estimate of the abducted women.[lxviii] Many of these unfortunate victims were recovered later. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah’s deputy, Bakhshi Ghulam Muhammad, who became Prime Minister of the Indian Administered Jammu & Kashmir in 1953 after Abdullah was deposed and imprisoned, is creditted with recovering many women from their tormentors. “He would personally enter into the houses of the Hindu Rajputs, recover abducted Muslim girls and arrange their safe dispatch to Pakistan to join their kith and kin.”[lxix] Abdullah’s wife, Begum Akbar Jahan, helped in organizing camps and rehabilitating many recued women.[lxx]
Among the recued was the daughter of Chowdhary Ghulam Abbas. She was sent to his father in Pakistan where he and his colleague, Allah Rakha Sagar, had been dispatched by Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah in exchange of Brigadier Gansara Singh and few others. Munilal, a Hindu of Jammu who shared a close relationship with Abbas “played a big part”[lxxi] in the recovery his daughter. Munilal several times visited Abbas in Pakistan and at one such occasion a sumptuous feast was arranged for him in which legendry cricket players of Pakistan, Hanif Muhammad and his brother, Wazir Muhammad, were also invited.
Abduction of women did not confine to one or two particular areas but happened almost everywhere where Muslims were attacked. On October 22, 1947 when reportedly 14,000 people were massacred in Samba, “all the Muslim women in the village were apparently taken away by the State troops, and the men were slaughtered with the exception of fifteen survivors, who escaped to Sialkot”.[lxxii] Likewise, during the massacre at Maogaon on October 23 in which 25,000 Muslims were slaughtered, their women and all their personal belongings were taken away from them by the Dogra troops.[lxxiii]
Nazir Ahmad of Mohalla Afghanan in the old city of Jammu who was 8 years old saw young Muslim women being dragged by hair out of a camp at Usatad Mohalla, bundled into waiting army trucks and driven to unknown places.[lxxiv] The unfortunate victims had lost their parents, husbands and brothers to carnages. Nazir is 75 today and breaks down while recounting the horrific incident which is haunting him ever since. The women, who he beleives were in hundreds, had been rescued from different areas of Jammu, Kathua and Udhampur districts and were lodged in a camp from where they were forcibly lifted and smuggled, possibly, to Punjab. In many cases, Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah squarely blames the RSS activists under Prem Nath Dogra for kidnaping Muslim women from such camps.[lxxv]
The story of Razia Begum, daughter of Chowdhary Abdullah Khan of Chak Jafar village in Mishriwalla, Akhnoor Tehsil of Jammu district is one of the umpteen shocking tales of that period.[lxxvi] Her father was a Member of the Praja Sabha (Assembly) under Maharaja Hari Singh’s rule. Razia was married in Darsopur village of Miran Sahab few months before anti-Muslim violence broke out in Jammu and was 15-16 years old. Her grand father-in-law, grand mother-in-law and one brother-in-law were killed in violence. When Muslims of the area were gripped with fear the head of her family gave his womenfolk in the custody of a Hindu acquaintance who betrayed him and handed over the women, including Razia, to rioters.
The women were herded to a factory at Miran Sahab and then taken away by rioters. A man came with a gun and took Razia to his home. He was already married and his parents asked him either to drop the lady where he had picked her from or kill her. He did neither and instead took Razia to his sister’s place but his parents objected to this upon which he took her to his friend, Thakur Balwan Singh. He told Balwan, a widower, to shelter Razia for a few days after which he will rent a house in Jammu City and keep her.
Balwan abducted Razia to Punjab and forcibly married her. He kept on chaning locations for fear of Razia being traced and recovered as many such Muslim ladies were later. He had three children with her including two daughters and a son and passed away in Punjab in 1965. After Balwan’s death Razia returned to Jammu along with her children. On her return she was pregnant with her third child. One day in 1974, when she was in the Deputy Commissioner’s office in connection with some land related matter she saw her sister-in-law [her Muslim husband’s sister]but did not muster courage to meet her. On her next visit to the Deputy Commissioner’s office she gathered herself and knocked the door of the house and went inside. Her sister-in-law, Zainab, recognized her only by her voice.
Meanwhile, Razia’s husband from her first marraige had remarried. On Zaina’s insistence, she shifted to Dalpatian and took her two daughters along. Her son, now a young man of 26, did not accompany her. The eldest daughter, previously Reva Rani, was given a Muslim name as well as the second daughter who was born in Jammu. Razia’s elder daughter was married with Zainab’s son in 1979 and is happily living as a practicing Muslim. Currently, she is translating the Quran into Dogri language and has already completed 20 of the 30 chapters. After her daughter’s marraige, Razia along with her younger daughter went to Pakistan where her parents had migrated to in the wake of massacres. Her father had expired by then and her mother and brother persuaded her to stay with them. Her elder daughter visited her mother and sister several times in Sialkot and is in touch with her brother in Jammu who did not convert and has two children. Razia passed away in 1999.
Demography changed
Those who planned and executed massacres and forced migration of Muslims had succeeded in their design. The demography of post-1947 Jammu Province was significantly changed. In areas where Muslims were in majority they were reduced to negligible minority and there were villages which remained uninhabited for years. The fall in the proportion of Muslim population was phenomenal in urban areas compared to rural areas. In urban Udhampur district we see a fall of 1757 per 10,000 (17.57%) from 2252 in 1941 to only 495 in 1961.[lxxvii] (No census was conducted in India in 1951) In urban Jammu district, the fall was recorded by 1781 per 10,000 (17.81%) from 3213 in 1941 to 1432 in 1961. The urban Kathua ditrict represented a worse scenario with Muslim population ratio decreasing by 2887 per 10,000 (28.87%) from 3114 in 1941 to only 227 in 1961. The rural Jammu district was the worst hit. The proportion of Muslim population here fell by 2972 per 10,000 (29.72%) between 1941 and 1961.The Census Report of 1961 gives a fair clue of “the phenomenal fall in the rural population of Muslim Community in Jammu district during the last two decades [1941-1961] as a result of the mass migration to Pakistan of most of the Muslims who inhabited the various tehsils of the district.” According to the Report, the total population of Muslims in the district as a whole, as returned at the 1961 Census, is about one-third of what it was in 1941. In figures, it would mean that Muslim population in Jammu district had fallen from 160,158 in 1941 to 51,847 in 1961. In Jammu City, the fall was recorded by 3,441 person during the same period.
In rural Kathua district the fall in Muslim population was recorded at 1118 per 10,000 (11.18%) during the same period. The Report is silent about Reasi district as by 1961 the administrative units had been reconstituted and it no longer enjoyed the status of a district.
As with the number of massacred Muslims, the number of those who migrated from eastern districts of the erstwhile combined Jammu Province is variedly given by diffrent people. Towards Azad Kashmir [Lahore, p 119], published in 1948, gives a figure of 200,000 Muslims migrating to Pakistan “so far”. By late November 1947, “Over 200,000 Jammu refugees had arrived in Sialkot”.[lxxviii] A Pakistani Government publication of 1952 [Gurmani M. A., Kashmir: A Survey, p 7] estimates the number to a high of 600,000. An article published in the Dawn on January 2nd 1951 [quoted by Snedden]gives the total number of migrants as 500,000 who were believed to have arrived in Pakistan in ‘three waves’ of migration between October 1947 and early 1949. Most of the Jammu refugees settled in Sialkot.[lxxix] The migrants also included those who left for Pakistan out of their choice and also those who were forced by the ruling National Conference activists to migrate. A correct figure of the migrants, as of the massacred people, is hard to be arrived at.
Change in the demography of Jammu Province can further be appreciated by the Section on ‘Uninhabited Villages’ in the Census Report of 1961:
“… a large number of villages which were well inhabited till 1947 were completely depopulated consequent upon the migration of their population to West Pakistan and to the State territory on the other side of the Cease-Fire Line [now Line of Control]. Thus, while the number of uninhabited villages in Jammu district was only 13 both in 1941 and 1961, as many as 155 inhabited villages were completely deserted as a result of mass migration. In Kathua district also, the number of uninhabited villages had risen from 7 of 1941 to 43 in 1961. The latter include, among others, 31 depopulated villages.”
Could the government have arrested migration of Muslims to Pakistan? Expecting such an attempt on part of the Maharaja’s administration would be naive as it was actively involved in violence and changing the demographic character of the Province. However, when power was ‘transferred to people’ and Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah was made the Emergency Administrator the new dispensation too did not do any thing tangible towards this end. In fact, two of the three major waves of migration took place while Abdullah had already stepped in. He was accused of encouraging migration of Jammu Muslims and in many cases he and his National Conference activists were blamed for forcing or pushing political opponents across the border. Balraj Puri, though, believes that Abdullah could not do anything as there was diarchy and Mehar Chand Mahajan was in real control in Jammu.
Mehar Chand Mahajan
“Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah could have arrested the migration of Muslims from Jammu but he did not. Apparently, he tried for it but not as much as he should have. I and Moti Ram Begra, who was later Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly, went to him and requested him to stop the migration. We told him that if this was not done the demography of Jammu will be changed. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah retorted, “Jammu ke musalmanu ne mujhay kab leader mana hai”? (Muslims of Jammu never recognized me as their leader).”[lxxx]
According to Ved Bhasin when after the riots, Abdullah ,as head of the Emergency Administration, arrived in Jammu he was shown documentary evidence of involvement of the adminstration and RSS activists but instead of proceeding against the killers he tried to appease the Hindu communalists. “I do not know why but perhaps his feeling was that the Muslims in Jammu were not his supporters”, says Bhasin. Wazira Begum too believes that Abdullah cared less about the plight of Muslims of Jammu for “they did not recognise him as their leader.”[lxxxi] Two other eyewitnesses, Om Chopra, 95, of Purani Mandi who now resides at Trikuta Nagar and Sudhir Kumar Sharma, 84, of Residency Road hold that Abdullah did not act when on his arrival as Head of the Administration at Jammu he was asked to stop violence against Muslims.[lxxxii]
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
The violence in Jammu Province consumed tens of thousands of people, hundreds of thousands were driven out, women were abducted and raped and habitations torched and looted. All this happened and not a single FIR was lodged nor any enquiry ordered into the systematically executed carnages. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah is believed to have attempted an enquiry against Mehar Chand Mahajan and Maharaja Hari Singh but the initiative was allegedly scuttled by Jawaharlal Nehru.[lxxxiv] According to Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Abdullah had started collecting evidence against the duo to prove their complicity in the genocide. Notwithstanding Saraf’s assertion, Abdullah remained in power for six years post-November 1947 but nothing is known about any official attempt to enquire one of the most gruesome man-made tragedies of our times nor does he give any idea in his autobiography, Aatashe-i-Chinar, about such an attempt.
Abdullah’s successors also slept over the matter as if nothing had happened during those bloody months of 1947. In fact, many of those who had soaked their hands in the blood of Muslims were rewarded by the Government. Tehsildar Chander Udhay Singh who supervised massacre at Ram Nagar was placed under suspension by Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah but was subsequently reinstated by Bakhshi Ghulam Mohammad. Some of those who led riots in Udhampur and Bhaderwah later joined the National Conference with some even serving as ministers. The RSS head, Chuni Lal Kotwal, became minister in Bakshi’s regime. So did Amarnath Sharma of Udhampur.[lxxxv]
Dr Karan Singh
Queries under the Right to Information Act by the present author seeking information about the number of people killed in and migrating from Jammu in the wake of violence in 1947, role of the administration and if any enquiry was ever conducted or is going to be conducted remained unreplied by the Jammu & Kashmir Governmen’s General Administration Department, Home Department and the Divisional Commissioner Jammu’s office.
The victims of Jammu carnages still wait, some in body and the rest in soul, for justice which has alluded them all these decades. A Truth & Reconciliation Commission to go into the horrendous events is long overdue and alone could alleviate their pain.
___________
About the author
Khalid Bashir Ahmad
References and Notes:
[i]Richard Symonds, The Making of Pakistan, London, 1950, p 74 [ii] Christopher Snedden, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu? Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. XXIV, no.2 (2001), p 111.
[iii] Ian Stephens, Pakistan, New York, 1963, p 200.
[iv] KASHMIR, Selected Documents, Statements by the Representatives of India & Pakistan in the Security Council, 1950.
[v] Christopher Snedden, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu? Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. XXIV, no.2 (2001), p 121.
[vi] Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing of Jammu Muslims in 1947 [http://bloodiedrivers.wordpress.com/2013/02/17]
[vii] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 107.
[viii]Christopher Snedden, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu? Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. XXIV, no.2 (2001), p 120.
[ix] MohammadAbdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar [Gulshan], p 311.
[x] Karan Singh, Autobiography, Oxford, 1989, p 37.
[xi] Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Vol II, p 814-15. Saraf quotes a Jammu medico, Dr. Abdul Karim, as being told by an eyewitness, Akbar Ali Haidri, that the latter along with one Wazir Ali happened to be near a bridge at Mishriwal when they saw some jeeps arriving there and three Gujjars, two of them young, coming from the opposite side. The jeeps halted and they saw Maharaja Hari Singh in a white suit getting out of the jeep along with Thakur Philail Singh and Thakur Faquir Singh. He pulled out his revolver and fired at the Gujjars. Two of them fell down on the spot while the third one tried to run away but a short in the back felled him as well.
[xii] Qudratullah Shahab, Shahab Nama, p 376.
[xiii] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[xiv] Balraj Puri in an interview with the author on December 4th 2011.
[xv] Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, The Kashmir Saga, p 7 quoted by Snedden in his paper, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu?
[xvi] Balraj Puri in an interview with the author on December 4th 2011.
[xvii] Shabir Ahmad Salahria in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[xviii] Ibid.
[xix] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[xx] Ibid.
[xxi] Alastair Lamb, Incomplete Partition, Roxford 19997, p 128.
[xxii] Christopher Snedden, Kashmir-The Unwritten History, p 51
[xxiii] Ibid, p 51-52
[xxiv] Ibid, p 52
[xxv] Ibid, p 53
[xxvi] Ibid, p 53
[xxvii] Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, Aatash-i-Chinar (Gulshan), p 311.
[xxviii] Balraj Puri in an interview with the author on December 4th 2011.
[xxix] Ibid.
[xxx] Mehmood Ahmad Khan, a survivor of the Reasi massacre, in an interview with the author on January 18th 2012.
[xxxi] Khawaja Abdur Rauf of Reasi in an interview with the author on December 18th 2011.
[xxxii] Ibid.
[xxxiii] Ibid.
[xxxiv] Mehmood Ahmad Khan in an interview with the author on January 18th 2012.
[xxxv] Wazira Begum in an interview with the author on February 1st 2012. Rehmat Ullah Rad also mentions this gruesome incident in Memory Lane to Jammu, p 155-56.
[xxxvi] Ibid.
[xxxvii] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[xxxviii] Haji Muhammad Bashir of Chenani in an interview with the author on February 12th 2012.
[xxxix] Jamal ud Din in an interview with the author on February 12th 2012.
[xl] Ibid.
[xli] Kashmir-The Unwritten History, p 53, Christopher Snedden.
[xlii] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[xliii] Muhammad Sidiq Parray, My Hundred Years (unpublished), also in an interview with the author on May 9th 2010. Parray passed away at the age of 106 on March 21st 2013.
[xliv] Chowdhary Fateh Mhummmadin an interview with the author on February 12th 2012.
[xlv] Kashmir-The Unwritten History, p 53, Christopher Snedden.
[xlvi] Ibid.
[xlvii] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[xlviii] Mehmood Hashmi, Kashmir Udaas Hai, Second Edition, 1999, Lahore, p. 309, 314.
[xlix] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 89
[l] Shabir Ahmad Salahria in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[liii] Rehmat Ullah Rad, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 154.
[liv] Mehmood Hashmi, Kashmir Udaas Hai, Second Edition, 1999, Lahore, p 304.
[lv] Ibid.
[lvi] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, p 119.
[lvii] Ibid.
[lviii] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[lix] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[lx] Christopher Snedden, What Happened To Muslims In Jammu?Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. XXIV, no.2 (2001), p 120.
[lxi] Mehmood Hashmi, Kashmir Udaas Hai, Second Edition, 1999, Lahore, p 304.
[lxii] Sheikh MohammadAbdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar, [Gulshan], p 312.
[lxiii] Mehmood Hashmi, Kashmir Udaas Hai, Second Edition, 1999, Lahore, p 304-05.
[lxiv] Abdul Aziz Bhat in an interview with the author on December 1st 2011.
[lxv] Nazir Ahmad, 75, of Mohalla Afghana in an interview with the author on October 12th 2014.
[lxvi] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[lxvii] Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Vol II, p 818.
[lxviii] Civil & Military Gazette, December 2nd 1947.
[lxix] Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Vol II, p 835.
[lxx] Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar, [Gulshan], p 313.
[lxxi] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 104.
[lxxii] Kashmir-The Unwritten History, p 53, Christopher Snedden.
[lxxiii] Ibid.
[lxxiv] Nazir Ahmad Khan i n an interview with the author on October 12th 2014. Nazir’s family was rescued from Mohalla Afghana by his two maternal uncles and taken to their home in Ustad Mohalla. Immediately after their flight from their home the attackeers descended on Mohalla Afghana and wiped out a large family of a Muslim washerman.
[lxxv] Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar, [Gulshan], p 311.
[lxxvi] Story of Razia told to the author by her elder daughter on August 1st 2014.
[lxxvii] Census of India, Vol. VI, Jammu & Kashmir, Part I-A (II), General Report
[lxxviii] Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing of Jammu Muslims in 1947 [http://bloodiedrivers.wordpress.com/2013/02/17]
[lxxix] Muharram Hashmi, Memory Lane to Jammu, (ed Rad & Hassan), p 95
[lxxx] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
[lxxxi] Wazira Begum in an interview with the author on February 1st 2012.
[lxxxii] As told to Nazir Ahmad of Mohalla Afghana who narrated this in an interview with the author on October 12th 2014.
[lxxxiii] Sheikh MohammadAbdullah, Aatash-e-Chinar, [Gulshan], p 322-23.
[lxxxiv] Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Vol II, p 818-19
[lxxxv] Ved Bhasin in an interview with the author on December 9th 2011.
[lxxxvi] Krishan Dev Sethi in an interview with the author on December 6th 2011.
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