Pahalgam and its Environs

Culture Politics Religion Periodicals Organizations Miscellaneous Table of Contents    Index    About the Author    Introduction    The Dal Lake    The Manasbal Lake    The Wular Lake    The Hari Parbat and ...    Khir Bhawani Spring    Mountain Climbs    Amar Nath Cave    Pahalgam    Sonamarg    Wild Flowers    Wild Animals    Maps - Srinagar - Sonamarg - Kashmir - More ...    Book in pdf format     Pahalgam and its Environs THE LIDDER VALLEY The Lidder valley forms the north-eastern corner of the Kashmir vale. It has a pleasant and mild look and a calm and peaceful atmosphere is radiated from sober forest-covered slopes and woodlands which border this valley. The word 'Lidder' is a corruption of lambo-dari which means a goddess 'long-bellied'. The main stream receives a number of tributaries from both banks. The first mountain torrent rises from Shisheram Nag and carving a deep gorge round the Pisu Hill, flows past Thanin or Tsandanwari on to Pahalgam. At Tsandanwari another tributary rising from Astan Marg- a stream of pure water mainly from springs- joins it on the right. Near Pahalgm a torrent rising from the snout of Kolahoi glacier, receives a tributary from the Sona Sar lake near the Kolahoi valley, the water from the Tar Sar lake joins it on the right at Lidderwat, and a stream from Katri Nag near Arau, enters it, the whole volume of water, swelling and flowing with rapidity to join another stream at Pahalgam. It is this stream rising from the Kolahoi glacier, which is called Lambodari. It passes through Lidderwat which means Lambodarwat (Lambodar's stone) where in olden days the god Ganish must have been worshipped, and it is also here that the tributary from the sacred lake of Tar Sar joins the Lambodari. The Lidder irrigates a large rich tract of alluvial soil and for miles from either of its banks one can see a green sea of rice-fields during the summer. Occasionally, the white wings of terns in the fields throw the greens of the fields into bold relief. The aqueducts full of glacial water infuse life everywhere and we hear the rush and flow of water all along. Acanal has been opened from the Lambodari at Ganishpor to water the Mattan Uder (plateau). This canal is called Shah Kol. Picturesque villages are scattered all over the landscape. They are nestled among huge shady chinar, mulberry, poplar and willow trees. The walnut, apple and pear trees with drooping branches laden with fruits intercept the rays of the sun. Sometimes hay is stacked on trees for the winter fodder of animals. The houses are generally two storeys high, the ground storey consisting of cattle-shed. A portion of the room is covered with a ceiling on which the children of the family and guests sleep in winter, the room being made comfortably warm by the breath of animals. Only a very small window opens from this part of the ground floor which is called 'Dangij'. The second storey consists of a verandah and two or three rooms. In summer they sit and cook in the verandah and in winter in the rooms inside. Some have handlooms for weaving blankets or coarse cotton cloth. Here are also large earthenware cauldrons in which they store various kinds of seeds for their farms. In winter women are at work on the spinning wheel. The roof is generally covered with rice grass. It is very steep so that rain and snow easily slip down. The loft is a store-room where grass from rice, ropes of dried turnips, with beans, knol khol and wild vegetables such as wopal hak (Dipsacus inermis) and hand (chicory) are kept hanging. Abarn and a fowl-pen are generally found in the compound. The rich farmers have several barns wherein they store rape-seed, maize, linseed and other produce of their farms till their price rises to the maximum when they, dispose of their stocks. Thus they accumulate wealth which should not be the sole aim of man in this world. He has been taught from time to time by higher souls who have appeared on the world's stage in different epochs to be unselfish, and mitigate the sorrows of the destitutes. Unless we raise ourselves to that level, we are not true men and can only be a burden to society. Glimpses of the Great illumine our path here and there and this keeps the world from being engulfed in total darkness. Trees round the village vibrate with the celestial music of their feathery denizens in the months of May and June. Out in the rice-fields on a solitary tree or on telegraph wires a roller (nila krosh) flaunting its blue-green plumage may be seen watching its prey. The paradise fly-catcher (phambaseer) in his angelic white and black garb opens the orchestra long before the break of dawn. It is followed by Tickell's thrush, with its yellow beak and grey body, incessantly singing at the top of its voice untiringly right on to sunrise. The golden oriole in his royal bright yellow breast and pink beak sends forth his liquid note. Now the ringdoves from various quarters join the concert. The song is now in full swing. Later on the bulbul, the starling, the myna, the sparrow and occasionally the jackdaw, chirp and contribute., to the concord of the chorus. Some other birds too in their own way make a display of their musical talent. The rufous-backed shrike which is a mimic does not withhold its harsh note. The wryneck clinging to the willow harps on its fine sixnote chirp. The tree-creeper with its long curved beak and striped back scours the tree from stem to top for its food. The tits with their white cheeks and white bars in their wing strike a creaking note. If the village happens to be near a mountain the gregarious black bulbuls make their appearance with their red beaks and legs and add a sweet whistle to the harsh noise and the streaked laughing thrush joins in with its delicious whistlelike note. The cuckoo and the hoopoe also string their harps. The kite screams from the top of a mulberry or chinar tree. The song gradually subsides as the orb of the day begins to flood our planet with his brilliance. What a blissful hour it is for him who keeps his ears open to receive this heavenly music and thereby merges his spirit with the universal soul that pervades the universe! Attached to every house is a small croft where the farmers cultivate their vegetables - knol khol, egg plant, gourd, cucumbers, beans and pumpkins. A small rill diverted from the main canal passes through the croft and then enters their compound where they clean their utensils. The water rills wash the roots of the willows leaving them red and these are sometimes used by thrushes to build their nests on. In the village there is always a mosque and a bathing house and sometimes a temple on a spring dedicated to some god or goddess. A village may also contain a ziarat or shrine sacred to some saint which sometimes has artistic lattice-windows and of which the roof is always covered with either red tulips, crown imperialis or iris. The village grave-yard is generally covered with white and mauve iris. At Aker there is a shiv-emblem bearing one thousand marks representing so many Shivic images, probably a remnant of those emblems which were made by the pious king Sandemati, (34 B.C.-A.D. 13) who renounced his throne and dedicated his later life to the service of the spiritual seminary at Sodura, in Wangat valley. The remains of this institution are still to be seen at the foot of Butsher at the head of the Wangat valley. There is also at this place a spring callled Naran Nag where pilgrims on their return from Gangabal give away staves and grass shoes to Brahmans. Interesting sites en route from Srinagar to Pahalgam: PANDRENTHAN This place is about 4 miles from Srinagar. Here was the old capital of Kashmir, which was founded by king Ashoka of Buddhist fame. The word is a corrupt form of Purana-old, adhishthan-capital. There is now a cantonment at this pace. Not very far from the road there is a very low spring in the middle of which stands a beautiful stone temple. The roof of the temple consists of one stone artistically carved. This was erected by Meru, the minister of kinz Partha who ruled ashmir from 921-931 A.C. It was dedicated to Vishnu and was called Meru Vardhana Swami. It must have been a place of pilgrimage in the olden times. Mention of it has been made in the Amar Nath Mahatmva, but the place has now lost its sacred associations. PANTACHOK About six miles from Srinagar there is a stone quarry where towards the road side stands a stone image of Ganesh which is besmeared with red-lead. It is said that just opposite this image is a spring in the middle of the river. There is a myth that when the Vetasta flowed down the valley for the first time the whole of it was drunk by god Ganesh and for sometime the river disappeared till the god was appeased and the river flowed again. On the other side of the road there is a mosque which was built by Haba Khotan the queen of the Epicurian king Yusuf Chak (1578-1584 A.D.). The mosque was exclusively made of wooden slabs, but now it has been rebuilt with stone in the modern style. Close by, another mountain spur also a quarry, a little out of the way towards Zewan village, contains fossils of marine animals and plants which testifies to the fact that the land was once under the sea. Last year when on excursion with my boys I found a piece of rock on one side of which was a shell fossil and on the other the form of a trilobite. PAMPOR This is a small town about nine miles from Srinagar. Its alluvial plateau has saffron beds which impart a glorious beauty colour to the place in late autumn. From the plateau we see a dharmasala (an inn) and a temple on a mountain spur in the north-cast built by Dr Balkrishen Koul in memory of his mother. This spot is dedicated to goddess Jwala which points to the probability of the existence here in olden times of a volcanic strata or the occurrence of a slight volcanic eruption. Hence the place is considered sacred like Kangra. An annual fair is held here on Ashada Choturdashi when people offer the lungs of sheep and rice coloured yellow as a sacrifice to the goddess. Near the temple are sloping smooth slabs of stone down which children love to slide. At the foot of the hill is a spring round which a festival is held on the day. The spring is sacred to the Hindus, and is one of the guardian goddess of the pandits. The place is a fine resort for outing for the city people. On the plateau there is a cedar round which there are stone images which are dedicated to goddess Bala. H. H. the late Maharaja Partap Singh used often to visit the place as a pilgrim. The depression in the village is called Lall-trag. This place was the birth place of Lalla the saint. It was also the favourite haunt of the Razdan family, the famous votaries of the Shaiva cult. Here is also a beautiful Ziarat of Mir Mohammad Hamadani. AWANTIPORA This is the site of the ancient city of that name founded king Avantivarman who ruled Kashmir from A.D. 855 to 883. The ruins of two temples which lie here about show that he dedicated one to Shiva and the other to Vishnu. The impressive architecture, ae artistic carvings on the pillars, the magnificence of the design bewilder the on-looker. This was a place of pilgrimage in olden times. When there was no wheeled traffic and people used to travel on foot from Srinagar to Anantnag, there were professional masseurs who used to massage people to remove their fatigue. This was done without using any kind of oil. They were called Motshah. People gathered round a huge hubble-bubble and smoked tobacco till sunset. This was called Wontpor (the hubble-bubble of Awantipor). Bijbihara The place is called Kashi of Kashmir. There existed a very grand and large temple just in the middle of the present town where a small temple has been lately erected by the people. It is said that the temple was so high that its shade at sunset rested on the Martand plateau. This Temple had a strong wall round it. This spot has been the target of numerous attacks by herds of hillmen during the Middle Ages. Sikander Butshekan (A.D. 1394-1416) demolished the great temple and on one of its stones found an inscription which runs thus: 'Bismullehi mantrena nashanti vijayishwara' (by the incantation of Bismullah the temple of Vajishwara will be demolished). He is said to have been struck with remorse in later life for destroying those temples and incurring everlasting stigma for this vandalism. Sikander died in A.D. 1416. It is possible that the raised part of the town was built on the debris of this huge temple when in course of centuries earth covered and concealed the debris. There is a stone temple built by Maharaja Ranbir Singh (1857-1885) outside the town on the bank of the Vetasta. There is a small ghat to the south-east of the temple. Here is a big Shivaling and the walls contain stone images. It is called Raja Hari Chandra's ghat and much sanctity is attached to it. Tradition says that every day two souls who end their earthly sojourn here go to Nirwana. Just outside the temple there are huge chinars on both the banks of the river which were once joined by a bridge. There is a chinar on the left bank the trunk of which has a circumference of 56 feet the largest in Kashmir. This garden was planted by Mughal rulers. In the town there is a mosque which has a stone in which there is imbedded an iron axe supposed to have been driven into wall of the mosque by a Hindu saint Shankar to give stability to the mosque. Hence it is now called 'Shankaran Makots' (Shankar's axe). On the left bank there is a plateau called Tsakadar (Tsakara dhar a name given to Vishnu). In olden times this was a place of great importance, but no trace of any temple is to be found here now. The religiously minded people go round (prakram) it to gain merit. On the plateau towards the town there are two spots where goddesses are worshipped. This was one of the stages on the old route to the Cave of Amar Nathji which led across the bridge to Pahalgam. Lately a new bridge has been constructed which will shorten the road to Pahalgam. Bijbihara is famous for wood carving and artistic lattice work. Anantnag This town is thirty-four miles from Srinagar. The road branches off to the right to a lovely place called Achhabal (Achha-peace, Bal-place). It is said that the garden at the place was laid out by a Hind king and remodelled by Mughal rulers. Water gushes forth from the mountain slopes which is covered with coniferous trees. The water is directed into canals and waterfalls to create an exquisite scenic effect. Here is also a trout-culture farm. Closeby not more than two miles away is Nga Dandi ashram founded by Swamiji- (popularly known as Sumbaluk Babaji). It is an excellent place for meditation. Refreshing breezes from the pines laden with fragrance, the cooing of turtle doves, the singing of orioles and thrushes the murmuring of the stream, add to the loveliness of the hermitage. An artificial lake with graceful water plants, the flowers such as Forget-me-nots, Cranesbills, Strawberry and various alpine flowers beautify the surroundings. In this part of the valley there are many charming springs Anantnag (Islamabad) is a great commercial town. Here is a large spring dedicated to Anant a satellite of Shiv. A fair is held on Aant Choterdashi when some Hindus keep a fast and particularly abstain from salt. Another fair is held when pilgrims to the Amar Nath Cave camp here. Close to the spring a beautiful garden has been laid out by the people. There is a Guru Dwara which commemorates the visit of Guru Nanak Dev. There are two important sulphur springs in the town, but they are not kept clean. The water supply of the town is plentiful. The Municipality should improve the drainage system. The town is famous for wooden articles, toys and beautifully designed gabba work. The road turns towards the left among rice-fields. From Chinars, mulberries and poplars we hear the incessant song of Tickell's Thrush, orioles and doves. The aqueducts are range with Balsum, Milfoil and Senecio. Bawan This is a famous spring on the way to Pahalgam. It is full of fish. In the intercalary months and on the occasion of particular stellar dispositions in the heavens (Vejay Sapthami) the people from India and Kashmir come here to remember their dead. The spring is called the Martand (Mattan) spring dedicated to the sun who is believed to be the intermediary through whom good wishes are passed on to the departed relatives. The Martand temple is situated on the plateau. This temple was built by the famous Lalitaditya who ruled Kashmir from A.D. 601-738. 'Of all the ruins in Kashmir the Martand ruins are both the most remarkable and the most characteristic. No temple was ever built on a finer site. It stands on an open plain, where it can be seen to full advantage. Behind it rises a range of snowy mountains. And away in the distance before it, first lies the smiling Kashmir valley, and then the whole length of the Pantsal Range, their snowy summits mingling softly with the azure of the sky. It is one of the most heavenly spots on earth, not too grand to be overpowering, nor too paltry to be lacking in strength, and it is easy to understand the impulse which led a people to raise here a temple to heaven.' - YOUNGHUSBAND Bumazuv Near the road is an interesting cave-temple with artistic carvings on the door pillars. There lived Boma Reshi (sage). Aishimuquam The Ziarat of Zain Shah Sahib Perched high up on a mountain spur is the shrine of Zain Shah Sahib known among Hindus as Zanak Reshi. He is the guardian saint of the Lidder valley and is reputed to be one of the followers of Shiekh, Noor-Ud-Din the chief saint of the Kashmir valley. The road now passes along the Shah Kul canal which has been taken out from the Lidder river from Ganishpor to irrigate the Mattan plateau. Here gradually the deciduous trees give place to coniferous ones. Bird-life here presents an interesting variety and laughing thrushes, black bulbuls, warblers, tits and woodpeckers and many more species cross one's path every now and then. Before we enter Pahalgam we see a rock in the stream on the right bank. It is dedicated to god Ganesh the supposed divine gate-keeper of the defile which contains Pahalgam. Pahalgam The hinterland of Pahalgam is in mythological parlance called Shiva Bhumi (the realm of peace). There is no lake, no meadow, no thountain peak which has not been named after a deity. In ancient times probably there existed in this place the hermitage of Reshi (sage). A spring* believed to be sacred to this sage can be seen here and the pilgrims to Amar Nath Ji are expected to visit it. In course of time a number of hamlets sprang up at the site near the bridge. To serve the dwellers in ----- * The spring is just behind the village, water gushes out from the mountain. There is a stone-slab with the murti image of Vishnu and Bhrigu. ------  the hamlets a shop-keeper found his way here. These people began to live as shepherds. As this small village stands at the head of the Lidder valley the inhabitants of the lower village sent their flocks and cattle to be looked after by these shepherds who took them to various meadows for grazing. The place occupies a central position in relation to the side valleys crowned by high meadows which the shepherds distributed among themselves. Hence this village came to be named Pahalgam, the village of shepherds. Recently this place has grown into a famous sanatorium where the people came to escape the sultry heat of the plains and enjoy the blissful breeze of the mountains. The Government has effected considerable improvements in the town. It has a Revenue Officer, a police station, a post and a telegraph office, a dispensary and a Health Officer. There are beautiful bungalows nestling among pines and hotels giving perfect comfort and satisfaction to the visitors. A church, a mosque and a temple are also there for people who seek to steep their souls in peace by communion with God. It is thus that they develop a love for unselfish service to humanity which is true worship. The Lidder drains Pahalgam and a torrent from the Kolahoi glacier enters it just near Mamal. Flowing majestically among the pines like a fritte sheet of silver murmuring the sonorous song 'Men may come and men may go, but I go on for ever', the stream rushes in a hurry to irrigate the Valley below. This is the only charm-a silvery stream-in which Gulmarg lacks. Modern conditions have turned the place into an active health resort. Rows of shops provide all kinds of amenities for the visitor. There is no dearth of hotels but any one wishing to enjoy tent-life can hire tent equipment from shop-keepers or contractors. Rajwas (place of Rajas) is a plateau on the right bank of the stream covered with pines and this is an ideal camping ground. A bungalow can also be hired by previous arrangement through the Director of Tourism or such arrangements can be made through some hotel-keepers. In fact there is nothing wanting to a person who wishes to enjoy his holidays according to his own choice. The writer places a table and a chair under the shady and fragrance-emanating leaves of the pines and fills the pages of the book as his brain is refreshed by breezes from the mountains and flowery meadows. The artist works at his brush and board to draw life-like sketches of natural scenes, of pine groves, old temples, cataracts, cliffs, hamlets, of people. The philosopher absorbed in thought on the various aspects of human life might reflect here on the ways and means for the betterment and unification of humanity. The naturalist finds before him a wide field for research to keep himself busy. He can collect and examine wild flowers round about him, he can watch the itovemeiits of birds and discover their haunts. Men of all kinds of intellectual and artistic pursuits can find ample material for their purposes. The beauty of his surroundings overwhelms the beholder with wonder at this magnificent handiwork of Nature. While we see Nature in perfect harmony, all peace and perfection, we cannot fail to observe her at her work of destruction which goes on unceasingly. We see woodpeckers eating hard against the bark of trees to take out grubs or insects which feed upon trees. We see treecreepers going from trunk to top to eat insects. We see pine needles falling on the earth and huge pines resting flat on the soil rotting and so enable saplings to incarnate. We see huge rocks reduced to sand and soil by the external agents of change on the surface of the earth. We see rushing torrents rolling boulders and stones and engaged in destruction and construction side by side. We watch the trout going after the small fish and dippers diving deep in the rushing flow of the torrent to feast on water-insects, the redstarts keeping a sharp look-out for stray gnats and darting after them in the air and the sandpipers dashing with open mouth to catch an unfortunate insect. Vultures and kestrels hover about in the air to prey upon rodents, voles and other creatures which they can carry off. This aspect of Nature is inseparable from her role as the creative energy, for destruction and construction are interchangeable terms. If, in our imagination, we stand in the ether outside our solar system we can watch the procession in which the stars, planets, star-cities, the earth and the sun rush ceaselessly to complete their circuits, of course, in perfect order and in strict obedience to cosmic law. Such are Nature's ways, as has been said by Utpala Deva Acharya: 'Pand shana prasadhana Sambhukta samasta Vishwaya Shivaya Pralayotsawa sarabhasaya Dridham upagodham Shivam vanda'. Translation 'I merge myself in Shiv (peace) whom Shiva (Cosmic energy - Nature) embraces in all Her haste, after creating, protecting and destroying the universe'. The Government has appointed energetic officers to improve this famous health resort and year after year new improvements are carried out for the comfort of visitors. As artificiality encroaches on this charming haunt of Nature, its Arcadian simplicity bears a retreat towards Aran, Astan Marz and other far away places where solitude reigns supreme and Nature stands alone in her virgin purity and serene grandeur. Pahalgam is the nearest health resort to New Delhi from where it can be reached within two or three days. It is an ideal spot where to recoup one's health and to engage one's self in various healthy pastimes. Equipped with a staff and a nailed shoe or chappani, one can go for a mountain climb or to a glade right in the centre of a mountain slope surrounded by pines and fringed by ferns or maiden-hair plants such as Baisaran, Tulin or Shikargah. It is necessary to carry a good quantity of victuals. Walking sharpens appetite which calls for substantial nourishment. Water proofs are indispensable. There are lovely pools formed by streams in which one can bathe, but the stones at bottom of the pools are slippery and care should be taken that one is not carried away towards the deeper parts of the stream where the water flows with irresistible force. Trout fishing is another interesting occupation. Permission should be obtained from Chief Game Warden. Muddy water is harmful to the trout. When the river rises in rains and gets filled with yellow mud many a trout die because of the turbid water. The islets in the stream are beautifully fitted up with seats. Gay tea parties and lunch dishes are seen everywhere under the shady pine trees. Some seats project over the waterside to enable the holiday-makers enjoy the refreshing sight of water. There are badminton courts here and there and matches are played between parties previously arranged. Persons interested in bridge are seen busily carrying on the game. The islets are connected with each other by means of bridges and one can cross over from one to the other with ease. The glacial-water like a milky stream circumambulates the islets with its eddying currents. Roads are well kept and cars can easily reach the interior parts of the Rajawa's plateau. The Pahalgam Club The Pahalgam club is run by the Government. The secretary of the club is the Executive officer of the place. It maintains an office which is in the charge of a clerk of the department of Tourism. All enquiries regarding membership should be made from the office. The club has a superb location. It is situated on an island surrounded by the branches of the Lidder. The rapid torrent with its milky glacial-water forming pools and whirls, encompasses the place with its cool breezes. The cluster of pines and firs which covers the premises casts a refreshing shade and fills the atmosphere with fragrance which enlivens the body and the mind. The island stretches from south to north. There are a number of tanks built for women, children and non-swimmers for bathing purposes. It is dangerous to go out into the torrent, because the flow is rapid and the rocks of the beds are slippery. When once caught in the rapids, one cannot easily get back to the safety of dry land. For children there are trapezes to ride on. There is a lovely stretch of land attached to the club, but the pity is that round about the place acacia is being planted instead of pines. The place should have trees which harmonize with the plant life on the surrounding mountains. There are a few Sunflowers, Zinnias, Crysanthemum and other garden varieties planted round the building. But there is a rich variety of wild flowers for a botanist to study. An expanse of Mentha sylvestris, with sweet scent, deep blue Delphinium and Erysimum altaicum. The club is the centre of activity. The Visitors' Association performs various games to entertain the public. One of their chief functions is the show which is given on Independence Day (15th August). In the morning at 9 a.m., the Indian Union Flag is hoisted, lectures and talks are delivered, the purpose of which is to cultivate one's own character, to follow Gandhiji's footsteps, to serve humanity, be unselfish and let India lead the world in world peace. Sweets are distributed among children and then sports are held for those between the ages of five to under sixty. After 9 p.m., a bon-fire is lit by a group in the disguise of forest dwellers and comic dramas are performed on the stage, songs are sung and buffoons create in the audience an unbounded jubilation. The sparks from the fire rise higher to kiss the stars in the heaven. While, they in their turn shed lustre and effulgence from various quarters. In the east a little above the eastern horizon is the Altair the first magnitude star of the Aquila, in the west near the horizon is the Arcturus the brightest star of Bootes, in the north lies the Polaris in the middle of Cassopiea and Ursa Major, in the south is the twisted tail of Scorpio with two horizontal stars, while on its neck shines the red star Antares. In the centre of the firmament, the Cygnus, Lyre, the Corona, and Cepheus are the principal constellations. The Galaxy spans the heaven from north to south. In the dark forest covered mountains slopes, with red and white electric bulbs shedding light in tents, buildings and hotels, the whole place appears like a star-city. On the 20th July 1963 at about 5 p.m. a cloud burst which dislodged boulders from the mountain side and columns of water rushed down making considerable loss of life and devastating the Pine View Hotel and some other buildings. RAMBLES FROM PAHALGAM Ganesh Bal This place is on the right bank of the Lidder and is about a mile from Pahalgam and is dedicated to god Ganesh who is believed to remove all obstacles in one's way when he is worshipped before any undertaking is taken in hand. There is a rock besmeared with red-lead (sindhur) in the stream. The people from the lower villages come here on some occasion to offer sacrifices. There is a tradition that Sikander the Iconoclast intended to go to the cave of Amar Nath to desecrate it. When he arrived here, he smote with his hammer on the Ganesh rock. Out flowed blood. Thereupon he did not venture to proceed to Amar Nath. There is a dharmasala at this place. It is a delightful experience to sit under a tree and watch the foamy flow of the torrent. Mamal This spot is also about a mile from Pahalgam. It stands across the Kolahoi stream up towards the mountain side. There is an old temple here the pinnacle of which was adorned with gold during the reign of one of the early kings. There is also a spring beautifully banked with long dressed stones of about 8th century. This was dedicated to Shiva and was called Mamalishwara. It is said that Ganesh was placed as doorkeeper not to allow any one to enter the temple without his permission. So it was called Mam Mal - Don't go. There is a priest to look after the temple. In summer the place is regularly visited by the populace of Pahalgam. Baisaran and Tulian These are two glades in the mountain side surrounded by pines. The going is a bit steep and involves some exertion. Hence sufficient quantities of eatables should be carried to satisfy hunger which acquires a keen edge as a result of the march. Baisaran (Vaisaran-breeze blowing) It is about three miles from Pahalgam along the Hospital road. It is a quiet camping ground right in the heart of the coniferous region vibrant with fragrant breezes on all sides. There is also a spring and a small rill passing through the glade. There is a big rock in the centre of the glade. It is said that saint Zain Shah (Zanak Reshi) meditated 12 years on that stone. There was then living a Gujjar with his family. He had a cow from which he gave milk continuously to Zain Shah for 12 years. Once the wife of the Gujar murmured that during 12 years they would have obtained 12 calves from the cow. The saint heard this and called for the Gujar and told him to go to the cowshed and call calves by their names from the door. Thereby 12 calves came out from the shed. When the Gujar was busy with calling the saint left the place. The Gujar searched all sides and found him on the bank of the Lidder at Langan Bal where he crossed it and finally settled at Aishimuqam where his Ziarat is existing. Tulin Likewise is a peaceful camping site. It is twelve miles from Pahalgam. There is a mountain tarn. Shikargah is a another interesting glade to visit. Tsandanwor or Thanin Tsandanwari or Chhandanwari (Tsandan-pleasure giving coolness, Wari - a farm) is the second stage from Pahalgam on the Amar Nath pilgrimage route. It is eight miles from Pahalgam. There are sheds for pilgrims on the way. It has a nice bridle path and will make a good day's ride for an excursion to enjoy the glories of Nature. The path goes along the bank of the torrent with pools and cataracts under the cool coniferous trees which refresh the eye and enliven the brain. Here a stream of pure water joins the Sheshi Nag torrent from Astan Marg. Under the trees some of the alpine flowers, the Crane's bill, Forget-me-nots, Myiosotis, Asters and various kinds of flowers are to be found in the vegetation. The old name of the place is Thanin which is a corruption of Thaninshwar an aspect of Mahadiv. Here are a few Gujar sheds and now and then one comes across a snow bridge spanning the torrent. Here is a tourist hut. Astanmarg Pahalgam to Tsandanwari - seven miles, Tsandanwari to Astanmarg - four miles. The word Astan is the corrupt form of styan which means frozen-marg, a meadow. In times gone by when the slopes of mountains were covered with glaciers their gradual and slow movement scooped out this valley and the avalanches cleared trees from the place leaving a plain altogether bereft of trees. Here shepherds find green pasturage for their cattle and flocks. This is the valley where Arcadian simplicity unveils herself in her primeval bloom. The trees, mountains, streams and the feathered world deepen the all pervasive solitude. Stealthily flows the slow, smooth stream as if taking care not to disturb the tranquillity of Nature. It rises from various springs and contains no glacial water carrying sand-particles flowing from mountain flanks. The valley is bounded on the west by Rabi Marg which is a watershed between Astan Marg and Harbagwan Nag on the east by Gob Dalan which is watershed between Astan Marg and Sheshi Nag. Wood is available and birch trees are in plenty. The folds in mountains are very conspicuous and summits are like serrated edges forming fantastic shapes to beguile the imaginative on looker. The Sasokot slope, over which a path goes to the Amar Nath Cave is covered with gravel, sand and scree, hence during bad weather this pass is very difficult. Consequently the Kashmir Government has banned this route for pilgrims. At the foot of the pass there are flower beds of Edelweiss, Dandelion and Geranium growing among stones. A little higher Corydalis falconeri grows side by side with these flowers while Euphorbia and Iris cover the higher slopes. Still higher willow cover the slope below the naked peak. The Oxallis digyna, yellow and pink Corydalis and Saxifrage show themselves near the top where the pack ponies can make their way with difficulty. All peaks round about have been reduced to pebbles and sand owing to insolation and weathering and heaps of small stones are seen everywhere. This is an excellent camping ground where fatigue, boredom and mental worry vanish effortlessly. It is a spot for philosophers, writers and saints. All nature is astir during the day and at night the moon and star constellations send their rays through pine needles to embrace the beauty of the place. The reflection of the full moon in the clear depths of the stream creates the illusion of a shining pearl glowing in the abysmal deep. Such is Astan Marg, the home of peace, serenity and sublimity, the restorer of health and vitality. Arau Arau is seven miles from Pahalgam. The path is a pony-track. On either side of the path Balsam and Stacys grow in abundance. The maiden-hair and ferns hiae themselves in shady nooks behind the rocks. Viburnum nervosum and which hazel hazel grow under pines. Dodder, a parasite grows on the former and feeds on it. Mentha sylvestris a fragrant herb is also common. The path sometimes leaves the stream and sometimes follows it. Watching its flow will yield ample recompense in the sight of the beautiful torrent. Birds such as redstarts, whistling thrushes, grosbeaks and yellow-headed wagtails are also observed. Arau is a hamlet of about a dozen huts exclusively made of unhewn planks with very little iron used in them. They are huddled together as a safeguard against the severity of winter. A few willows grow round the huts and a few maize and potato fields surround the village. The fields are encircled by fences made of the branches of trees on which meadow buntings sit to watch their prey. The word Arau means a sound, the mountain torrent which flows out of the Katri Nag over the Danawat mountains produces noises which probably gave the place its name. It is a rolling meadow of velvety green turf, fringed with fir and pines on which in summer tits, wood- peckers, turtle-dove and, nuthach find their food, and emit melodious song. It is worthwhile, to explore the surroundings of this place for that may lead to the discovery of the remains of an ancient temple hereabouts. It is a quiet camping ground enveloped in solitude. Here is a hut for tourists. Tar Sar and Kolahoi Glacier The most suitable site for camping is Lidderwat 8,952 ft. above sea level. It is seven miles from Arau and lies at the junction of several routes.  Here is also a tourist hut. The stream from Tar Sar joins here. The path at times skirts the stream and at times leaves it to go up a few hundred feet above over, the 'densely' forested plateau. Slowly the coniferous belt changes into the birch and meadow region. The shade of trees gets more and more scarce and hence it is better to start early. Arrangements for this trek should be made from Pahalgam. All camp equipment can be hired from certain agencies and warm bedding and clothing should be necessarily brought over. Pack ponies and riding ponies can be obtained from contractors. It is necessary to have an axe for cutting wood and a spade for digging a trench round the tent as soon as it is pitched. A staff, several grass sandals and boots with nails are essential Grass sandals are best to walk over rocks and snow. Lighting arrangements should be carefully attended to. Cinnamon should be freely used in tea and some good stimulants kept at hand. The camping site should not become a pool when it rains, the slope should keep it always dry. The path passes through the boulders round which dock grows in profusion. On some islets in the torrent there are a very many specimen of alpine flowers. A couple of logs form a bridge over the stream and when it is in flood it always sweeps away this bridge. Care should be taken when loaded pack ponies cross the bridge. The scenery is wild. Precipitous mountain slopes rise on both sides of the valley which is strewn over with boulders among which alpine flowers peep out most magnificently. Occasionally a grove of birch trees may be seen growing in some shady places or in the joints where two stratas meet. Before we enter the Kolahoi valley a torrent from the Sona Sar lake which lies at the foot of Basmai Galli (13,885 ft.) flows over a precipice and is divided into a number of distributaries before it falls into the Lidder. These are called Satalajan (seven branches) which also means streams or koloha and this might be the origin of the name of Kolahoi. The valley spreads out bounded by the high mountains devoid of coniferous trees but covered more or less with birch and juniper bushes. A number of Gujar sheds can be seen here. These are occupied for two summer months by the Gujars who come with cattle to live here. There are also shepherds with their flock. The valley is well covered with Senecio chrysannthemoides and dock which is a potherb when it is young. There are a number of islets which contains clusters of Corydalis thrysiflora and Erysimum altaicum and Caltha palistris. On the east of the valley over the precipice a torrent flows in silvery sheets to join the main stream in the valley. It rises from the Dudh Nag (milk spring) which is fed by glaciers and lies on a plateau. It is circular in shape. The whole slope is beautifully covered with alpine flowers. From here one can have a charming view of the Kolahoi glacier with its crevasses and boulders and glistening surface. The rumbling noise of water rushing underneath the glacier can be heard from here. A walk to the snout of the glacier is a delightful experience. The lower part of this icy valley is covered with debris and moraines so much so that no trace of ice can be seen. The thickness of the ice is at least 200 ft. and its flow must be 4 to 6 inches in 24 hours. The glacier scratches rocks and scoops lakes while at the same time it is constantly receding. It is possible that it will in course of time retain its mountain flank only. It is very interesting to walk over the glacier for some yards. Care should be taken that there are no crevasses. If the snow at any point looks yellow or loose a crevasse must be underneath. An ice-axe is an important item of equipment. In going over a glacier covered with crevasses it is necessary that the party should tie a long rope round their loins so that if by chance someone falls into a crevasse, he will not sink deep into the fissure. Sometimes planks are used to cross a crevasse and sometimes one has to take a zigzag course or to jump over the crevasse where it is narrow. The other extremity of this glacier is towards the Harbhagwan valley, where it has a frowning aspect and is full of dangerous crevasses. It must be about six miles long. These fields of ice are perennial sources of water supply on which the prosperity of our country depends. The Himalayas are skirted by many glorious glaciers which are extended to very low levels, but now owing to changed climatic conditions are retreating to their mountain origins. It is possible to find here a stone with fossil impression of the fenestella type. For there is a strata of fenestella in thee western mountain system which we discoved in 1925. The bold peak of Gwashi Bror (Kolahoi) 17,779 ft. rises 6,000 ft. above the surrounding mighty peaks of the valley. It can be observed from Gulmarg and other high plateaus of the Kashmir valley like a cone of crystal kissing the sapphire cheek of the heavens. These magnificent peaks wrapped in haze and lending perpetual glory to Kashmir are symbols of peace, disinterested service and firmness. A look at the mountain peaks is a perpetual delight. They are an emblem of purity, dignity and repose. They strike one as a vision of soft pure white in a gauze-like haze of delicate blue, too light and too ethereal for earth, but seemingly a part of heaven; a vision which is a religion in itself, which diffuses its beauty throughout one's being, and evokes from it all that is most pure and lovely.' Selecting a suitable 'spot for lunch right in Nature's bosom, catching a breath of ever-lasting happiness, one would observe a white-breasted dipper sitting on the rock in the stream, moving its body up and down or diving in the stream, a yellow-headed wagtail or white-capped redstart searching after its food near the stream, or a pair coming out of rocks and flying past the ledge. On the mountain slope a brick-red kestrel would be balancing on its wings to scare, a vole or mouse for its meal, or a swarm of kites, vultures, lammergeiers may be found feasting themselves over a dead sheep. It is always advisable to arrive at the camp early, because late arrivals caused anxiety in the camp and walking over stones and boulders without a light is not a pleasant experience. A march to the camp at Lidderwat covers 13 miles. A good dinner would remove all fatigue and ensure sound sleep for the night. The dawn would greet you with the melodious symphony of whistling thrushes and grey-head thrushes from the adjoining area round the night. The cooing of the turtle-dove and the croaking of the jungle crow would assail the ears again and again. Even occasional hoots of the wood-owl would be heard. If time is not consideration, it is worth-while staying for the day and surveying the bird-life or plant-life round the place. Tar Sar Lidderwat-Tar Sar - ten miles. Leaving Lidderwat we pass slopes, covered with rose bushes, Geums, Potentillas. Sometimes it is possible to cross a snow-bridge near Hamwas. There are a few Gujar chalets here. A clear view Kolahoi peak can be had from here. A little higher up a stream from Sekiwas (sandy place) joins the stream from Tar Sar. Sekiwas is an open valley. It is strewn over with boulders. The vegetation is luxuriant. The Phlomis, the Salvia hians, blue Corydalis and many different varieties of alpine flowers are found here. This is also a junction of several routes. One on the right, passes over Yemher pass (13,400 ft.) staircase of the Angel of Death-via Zaiwan on to Kulan on the Zojila road. The middle path passes along the shallow lake of Tsanda Sar over on to Sumbal on the Zojila road. While the left one winds along Tar Sar via Dachigam valley to Shalam6r (Srinagar). The last route is not opened to public. Going along Tar Sar stream we enter Dandabari where stones smoothened by weather are scattered all over the valley. In between them grows floral vegetation. The birch trees are not in a prosperous condition. The stream flows over boulders and to avoid these it is necessary to leave the stream and walk high up over grassy spur till we reach Tar Sar Lake (12,500 ft.). Tar Sar lies among mountains open from one side. It is shaped like an almond. It is not awe-inspiring like Konsar Nag. The shores are low and form an excellent camping ground. The mountains are not high but are devoid of trees. They are covered with herbal vegetation and the water is transparent and very sweet. This is a calm and quiet place. The appetite is apt to acquire a sharp edge here. There is no fuel available. To prepare tea one should bring some fuel along with one. It is worthwhile to bathe in the lake, but one should not venture into its deeper parts unless one is a strong swimmer and can resist cold. One is enveloped by Nature and she permeates the whole of his being -physical as well as mental. When the wind ruffles the surface of water a little, the crests of wavelets catching the sun's rays turn the water into a sheet of sparkling diamonds. In such sublime moments man's little self merges into the Universal Soul which pervades the universe and is the life of all things. Near the western shore of the lake there are two islets and a deep inlet where sometimes icebergs can be seen floating. Many legends and folk-tales are associated with this lake. The southern slope is more or less precipitous. On the eastern shore Potentillas are in profusion. A climb up the Tar Sar pass which is the demarcation line of Dachigam Rakh reveals another beautiful Lake Mar Sar (Cupid Lake) the waters of which drain the Rakh and skirting the base of mount Mahadiv empty themselves into the Srinagar Reservoir. The meadow round about the lake is an excellent pasturage, where shepherds bring their flocks. They have a great veneration for the lake and offer a sacrifice on their first arrival and departure. In 1925 when we visited this lake, the following conversation took place between the shepherd who lived here and myself. Shepherd: 'You should not bathe in this sacred lake, saints only can do so.' Myself: 'How long have you been coming here?' Shepherd: 'My grandfather and my father also used to come here and I have been coming with my flocks for forty years.' Myself: 'Have you ever felt the presence of the Great Power in this sacred place?' Shepherd: 'What a simpleton you are! Listen, Sir, people entrust their flocks to me and sometimes I sell a lamb for Rs 2 or Re 1.50 and insist on my customers returning to me the skin and the head of the animal so that I can show them to the owners and can tell them that the lamb was eaten by a panther or a wild beast. Do you think that with such a sinful mind I shall ever be able to feel the presence of the Supreme Power?' Ten years later we launched a rubber canoe in the lake and surveyed every nook and corner of it. Bird-life in this region is not plentiful. Several flocks of red-billed choughs and some griffon vultures sailing round about the craggy peaks may be observed. Return by the same route to the camp at Lidderwat one can have some rest and, if possible, stay a day longer if one be not in a hurry to move down to Pahalgam or Srinagar. Har Bhagwan Lake This is one of the most exciting treks which could last at least for a week. One should be equipped with tents and every essential for one's comfort etc.- warm clothing, grass sandals, thermos, binoculars (if possible) and a camera. There are three stages:   Pahalgam to Arau 7 miles  Arau to Armin 7 miles  Armin to Har Bhagwan Nag 5 miles The whole path is a pony track. The path from Pahalgam to Arau is a lovely walk along a river among conifers which nurse small bird-life and the undergrowth consists of beautiful Geranium, Gentians and Forget-me-nots.  The path from Arau runs under huge shady fir trees. Here one can find edible mushrooms under the trees. Arisaema tortuosum (the top of this plant is like the head in emodi, with its red fruit, Oxyria digyna, a potherb grows round the rocks. Several varieties of them are found after one crosses the bridge near Girwad clusters of blue poppies are found growing among the rocks. Gagri Padier is a flat spot where the morning meal should be prepared or a lunch served. Among the vegetables found here, mushrooms and Oxyria digyna cooked together make a good dish. In the centre of this spot is a big rock on the top of which various alpine flowers grow. I do not like to burden the mind of the trekker with their names. Let him observe and see for himself and consult The Beautiful Valleys of Kashmir and Ladakh page 55. Towards the right bank of the stream is a small fall. Slaty-blue fly-catchers, pied-woodpeckers and jungle crows can be observed here. Further away the slopes are covered with wild dock, Jacob's ladder, Senecio, Cynoglossom, Swertia and Verbasium thapsus. White-capped redstarts and plumbeous redstarts might be seen on some rock in the torrent. Armin (Armini-beauty all round) is a flat spot and good camping ground. It is covered with Senecio chrysanthemoides which along with dock is generally found between 9,000 ft. to 10,000 ft. above the sea level. A stream flows from the north-east by the side of the valley. The northern aspect of the mountains is covered with fir and birch, while the southern aspect owing to nsolation and weathering is rocky and precipitous. Here e finds some Gujar families from whom milk, butter and milk-cakes can be purchased. They are also a few springs here. Spring water is clearer than glacial water and should be used preferably for drinking purposes. Grey wagtails and whistling thrushes can be observed. Brown-dippers are to be seen sitting on boulders raising and owering their bodies. It is interesting to see how they dive after an insect in a rushing torrent. Their flight is straight, almost touching the water, while wag-tails, fly in curves. Flocks of yello-billed choughs may be observed flying over the slope. An ascent of 300 ft. leads to a flat spot called Arm Pathri. The Floral vegetation on all sides is magnificent. Near the lower Nafaran there is a beautiful fall. There are also some Gujar Sheds. The upper Nafaran is a fairly large valley where no fuel is obtainable. The mountain flanks and some snow-beds give rise to the Armin stream, which joins the Lidder at Arau. The Har Bhagwan Ghatti (12,729 ft.) leads to the Har Bhagwan valley. The slope of the pass is covered with slate and scree. Among the slate we found Corydalis govaniana and Corydalis crossifolia with three fan-shaped thick leaves and purple flowers. The last lap of the pass is a series of steps where pack ponies have to be unloaded. The view from the pass is superb. Right at the foot of the pass is the turquoise-green Har Nag (the lake of peace) shining like a glittering eye at the head of an emerald green body. A part of the lake is silted up. Towards the N.N.E. are the snowy peaks of Baltal with glaciers interspersed among them. On the right is the Har Bhagwan peak 16,041 ft. and on the left is Kolahoi surrounded by glaciers. On the top of the pass Potentilla plants are to be found. The slopes of Har Nag (12,269 ft.) are steep, covered with Geum and Red Potentilla. There is a pony track up these slopes, but in bad weather it becomes very slippery and dangerous. There is a legend connected with the spring. Har Nag sent his son and daughter-in-law to find a spot where he could live near Kolahoi (Gwashi-bror). They went back and told him that there was room for them but none for him. He then sent his son-in-law, who returned with the news that there was room for his father-in-law but not for himself. So he cursed and petrified his son and daughter-in-law and made room for his son-in-law at his feet. The two rocks towards the silted part of the lake are the petrified son and daughter-in-law while the lakelet at the bottom is his son-in-law. Here one meets shepherds with their flocks. On the first day of their arrival, they kill a sheep and cook their food in well-washed utensils. Before they eat, they place a dish full of cooked rice and meat on the shore of the lake as an offering to the spring deity. There is a nice camping ground here. The spot selected for the tent should however be such that rain water naturally flows away from it. The first and foremost duty of the camp manager is to dig a trench round the tent and prepare tea. The north of a place can be found by observing the position of Druv ji (Pole Star) in the firmament. It occupies the middle position between the constellation of Safta Reshi (the Great Bear) and Cassopiea. A line joining the two stars of the Great Bear called pointers passes through the Pole Star, or if the angle in Cassopiea (lady's chair) in the form of W is trisected, it will also pass through it. It will add pleasure if other constellation be also located. The valley is full of marmots burrows. These animals are as large as a big cat and brown in colour. They have been found living above 10,000 ft. in dreary regions. When they hoot at intruders they stand on their hind legs and join their fore legs in the manner of a kangaroo or a penguin. They are sometimes killed for their furs. The burrows are formed of zigzag passages. A copper coloured lizard is also found at a similar height. The naked peaks are the haunts of the ibex and the stag, which descend to lower levels in winter and early spring. Brown bears are also sometimes found here. The valley is inhabited by shepherds, Gujars and Bakorbans. On Fridays the Gujars make milk cakes from buffaloes' milk. The milk is boiled and some churned milk or whey is put into it till it turns sour. It is then strained and cakes are made from the residue. Cakes are also made from churned milk, but they are thicker and not so good. The cakes are fried in oil or ghee and eaten. It is worth-while surveying the valley. The Western end of the Kolahoi glacier gives rise to a torrent which drains the whole of the Har Bhagwan valley and enters the Amar Nath stream (Pantsatarni) at Baltal. It is worth-while to climb up the edge of the glacier made through the torrent and have a gliriipse of the frowning crevasses of the glacier. The ice has turned pink and blue and it seems that the water too is of pink colour. It may be that the rocks contain some pink stuff which colours the water. No attempt should be made to negotiate the glacier itself, because its fissures are deep and slippery. It is possible to go over this pass to the Kolahoi valley but it is not a pony track. There must have been a time when this glacier extended right into the valley and joined the other glacier from the adjoining mountains in the valley and scooped out the Lake. But now it has receded and skirts the Kolahoi mountain which is popularly called Gawashi Bror (the goddess of light because it catches the rays of the sun first in the morning. There are no trees here except a few juniper bushes. This valley is the meeting place of several routes. One, which is not a pony track, goes along the Har Bhagwan Galli (14,086 ft.). At Rabi Marg there is a lake on the way where, according to the story of a shepherd, one may meet fairies and hear them singing and if a person gets enamoured of them he loses his life. At the foot of the pass lies Astan Marg. The other route which goes along Razdon Pass (13,200 ft.) is longer but easier for ponies. The pass leads to Astan Marg which is twelve miles from the Cave of Amar Nath. Baltal is fifteen miles from here and Sona Marg which is at a distance of ten miles from Baltal is connected by a motorable road with Srinagar. A Visit to the Cave of Amar Nath The Cave of Amar Nath is about twenty-nine miles from Pahalgam. The famous pilgrimage to the Cave takes place on Sawan purnamasi (July-August full moon). The congregation of pilgrims starts from Pahalgam on duwa-dashi shkula pak (twelfth day of the bright fortnight). The route is marked by three stages. Pahalgam to Tsandanwari eight and a half miles. Tsandanwari to Vaovajen eight miles. Ascent to Pisu Hill (11,081 ft.) pony track. No fuel except juniper is available during this part of the journey which is marked by a superb view of Shishiram Nag. There are some sheds for Sadhus en route. Vaovajen to Pantsatarni eight and a quarter miles. Pantsatarni to Cave four miles. On the return journey too some sheds of Sadhus are met with. On other days, weather permitting, this journey can be performed in two days. A person starting early on horse-back will spend the night at Vaovajen. Early next morning he will visit the Cave and return to Pahalgam in the evening. There may possibly be a seasonal hotel at Vaovajen. Srinagar and its Environs    | Home | Copyrights | Disclaimer | Privacy Statement | Credits | Site Map | Links | Contact | Copyrights © 2005-2020 Kashmir News Network (KNN). All Rights Reserved. Any content available on this site should NOT be copied or reproduced in any form or context without the written permission of KNN.

Khodiyar

Khodiyar Maa (Maa meaning mother in many Indian languages) is a warrior Hindu goddess born in Charan caste around 700 AD. She was daughter of Mamad Ji Charan.
In Gujrat Charans are also known as Gadhvi.
Mamad Ji Charan had good relations with the then ruler Maharaj Shilbhadra. The ruler's ministers envied this exceptional relationship and hatched a plan to get rid of Mamad Ji. They were not very successful at persuading the ruler, but they succeeded in persuading the ruler's wife, the queen.
One day, the doorkeepers did not let him go into the palace. When Mamad Ji asked for the reason, he was told that a childless man is not worthy of the king's presence. Mamad Ji returned home and wanted to ask Lord Shiva for help. When Lord Shiva did not appear, he decided to give his life away as a final sacrifice. Just when he was about to kill himself, Lord Shiva appeared and took him to the Snake Kingdom – Nagaloka to see the King of Snakes – Nagadev.
After hearing his story of humiliation, the Nagadev's daughters decided to help too. When Mamad Ji came home, with his wife he prepared, as advised by the Nagdev's daughters, eight cradles in expectation of a great event. Later due to the boon of Lord Shiva and Nagdev he was blessed with seven sisters and a son. One of the daughters was Khodiyar Maa. They were raised as fearsome warriors and always wore black cloths in memory of their native place, the Naglok. Therefore, they were given the names as cobra sisters or Nagnechi in the local language and were also the tutelary deity of the royal house of the erstwhile Marwar state. After showing many miraculous powers, people consider her to be a goddess and she has temples and shrines too in all of the northwestern part of Indian subcontinent. Her vehicle is the crocodile and she has many other names such as Khodal, Trishuldhari, Maavdi.
Khodiyar is considered as a daughter of Charan. Her temples are found all over Gujarat, Rajasthan and Mumbai, but the most important four are – Matel Near Wankaner, Rajpura village near Bhavnagar, Galdhara near Dhari and tataniya dhara near Bhavnagar.
Khodaldham is massive under-construction temple of "maa khodiyar" approximate area of 50 vigha.^[2] It is located near Kagvad [Gujarat, 360370], off Jetpur-Virpur road section on NH27. It is located close to Khambalida Buddhist caves.
Khodiyar's temple at Matel near Wankaner is huge and people gather on the riverbank near the temple to see a crocodile, the goddess' mount. The place is located about 17km north of Wankaner, and 26km southeast of Morbi.
Sprawling Khodiyar Mataji temple at Rajpara village (Rajpara Dham) is equally popular. It is located about 18 km west of Bhavnagar city. There is a lake near the temple known as Tataniya Dharo, and for the same reason, goddess is also known as Tataniya Dharawali.
Galadhara Shree Khodiyar Mandir near Dhari, Gujarat is equally massive and popular.
A Gujarati film Jai Khodiyar Maa, was once a box office hit and Hemant Chauhan has a garba CD with the same title.

Affiliation	Devi, Parashakti
Mantra	Ai shri khodiyar
Mount	Makara

Khodiyar Surname

Many Hindu castes mainly Charan and Patel, Bhoi, who worship Khodiyar Mata as their Kuldevi also use Khodiyar as their surname. Chudasama, patidar sarvaiya, Rana,Raval(yogi) clans sometimes used Khodiyar as their surname as they worship Khodiyar Mata, as their Kuldevi.^[3]

Khodiyar Jayanti

Khodiyar Jayanti: Sri Khodiyar Mataji Jayanti or Birth aaniversary is celebrated annually in India and especially in Gujarat, India. Khodiyar Jayanti observed on the eighth day (Ashtami) during the waxing phase of moon (Shukla Paksha) in Magh Month. There are people popularly believed that this Hindu Goddess appeared on the Magh Shukla Ashtami day. Khodiyar Jayanti mostly celebrated in Gujarat especially celebrated in Goddess Khodiyar Maa birth place Rohishala, Rajpara,and Matel Near Bhavnagar. On this day every khodiyar Ma temple decorated full of lighting and flowers. Special Puja arrange in big temples.
Khodiyar Jayanti is large celebration in Khodaldham Kagvad. Khodaldham Kagvad, a big temple is recently opened for Public. In this temple the festival of Khodiyar Jayanti is celebrated as a grand celebration of Goddess Khodiyar birth anniversary. Many people take blessings on this day of Khodiyar Jayanti from Khosiyar Maa. Goddess Khodiyar is famous for her Kindness. Devotees believes that she appears anywhere to help them. There are so many sthaanak (Temple) of Goddess Khodiyar. Goddess Khodiyar went into a trance (Samadhi) at sanganva village of lodhika Taluka, district Rajkot

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MANGLESHWAR BHAIROV ASTHAPAN MAMCHIBALFATEH KADAL SRINAGAR KASHMIR

POSTED BY ..VIPUL KOUL EDITED BY   :ASHOK KOUL

Vaikuntha Ekadashi

Vaikunta Ekadashi is the Shukla Paksha Ekadashi that occurs during the Dhanu/Margazhi month in the Hindu calendar (corresponding to late December - early January in English calendar).
The Vaishnava (Worship of Vishnu) sect believes that ‘Vaikunta Dwaram’ or ‘the gate to the Lord's Inner Sanctum’ is opened on this day. The Margashirsha Shukla Paksha Ekadashi in the Lunar calendar is known as a 'Mokshada Ekadashi.' Special prayers, yagnas, discourses and speeches are arranged at Vishnu temples across the world on this auspicious day. The Shaiva sect observes the day as Trikoti Ekadashi, a religious observance where all the deities in the Hindu pantheon pay obeisance to Lord Sri Shiva at once.

Legend

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According to the Vishnu Purana, fasting on Vaikuntha Ekadashi is equivalent to fasting on the remaining 23 Ekadashis of the (Hindu) year.^[4] However, according to Vaishnava tradition fasting is mandatory on all Ekadashi of both Shukla paksha and Krishna paksha. Fasting on Ekadashi is considered holier than any other religious observation.
Vishnu opened the gate of Vaikuntham (his abode) for two demons in spite of their being against him. They also asked for the boon that whoever listens to their story and sees the image of Vishnu coming out of the door called Vaikunth Dwar, will reach Vaikunth as well. Temples all over India make a door kind of structure on this day for devotees to walk through.
According to Padma Purana, the female energy of Vishnu slayed the demon Muran and protects the 'Devas'. This happened on the eleventh day of lunar month during the sun's journey in the Dhanu Rashi. Impressed by the act, Vishnu names her as 'Ekadashi' and gives her the boon that those who worship 'Ekadashi' on the day of her victory over Muran would reach 'Vaikunth' (His abode).^[5]
Vaikuntha Ekadashi is one of the important and auspicious days for Hindus. It is dedicated to Vishnu. It occurs in the Hindu calendar, in the month of Margashirsha (between December and January). When observed, it bestows liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

Significance

The significance of Vaikuntha Ekadashi is mentioned in the Padma Purana. The legend says that the Devas, unable to bear the tyranny of 'Muran' - a demon, approached Shiva, who directed them to Vishnu. A battle ensued between Vishnu and the demon and Vishnu realized that a new weapon was needed to slay Muran. In order to take rest and create a new weapon, Vishnu retired to a cave for the goddess named Haimavati in Badarikashrama. When Muran tried to slay Vishnu, who was sleeping, the female power that emerged from Vishnu burned Muran to ashes with her glance. Vishnu, who was pleased, named the goddess 'Ekadashi' and asked her to claim a boon. Ekadashi, instead, beseeched Vishnu that people who observed a fast on that day should be redeemed of their sins. Vishnu thus declared that people who observed a fast on that day and worshipped Ekadashi, would attain Vaikuntha. Thus came into being the first Ekadashi, which was a Dhanurmasa Shukla Paksha Ekadashi.
The demon Muran stands for the Rajasic and Tamasic qualities in people, attributed to lust, passion, inertia, arrogance etc. When one conquers these tendencies, one attains the purity of mind, Satva, indispensable for attaining of moksha, the liberation or realization of the self. For realizing the self as pure awareness, purity of mind is required. Fasting helps to keep at bay tendencies which could be triggered by intake of certain foods. Keeping vigil in the night is symbolic of awareness, or being watchful of the contents of the mind. When the mind is looked at, it becomes still. To abide in the stillness is to attain freedom or peace, acquired through merging of the mind with the self. This is symbolic of the mind automatically being absorbed at the sight of Vishnu after the arduous fast and vigil.
The belief that rice is prohibited, because Muran dwells in it, symbolically signifies that the eating of rice makes one feel heavy and hampers the vigil. This signifies that entertaining negative tendencies could hamper one's progress towards awareness or consciousness. Observance of the rituals on this auspicious day even without understanding their importance is beneficial. Hence the merit accrued through observing them with piety is believed to be immeasurable. In the Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita the conversation between Krishna and Arjuna at the beginning of Kurukshetra War is said to have occurred on this day.

Fasting on Ekadashi

Vaikuntha Ekadashi fasting is an important aspect of those associated with it. People fast the whole day and keep vigil. Special prayers are offered to Vishnu and devotees engage in Japa (chanting of Vishnu's name) and Dhyana (Meditation). On 'Dashami', the previous day of the observance, devotees who take up Vaikuntha Ekadashi fasting are to take only lunch. On Ekadashi, the next day, they have to maintain a complete fast and engage in prayers and meditation of Vishnu. They are strictly prohibited from taking rice. That night, people keep vigil the whole night and visit the temple of Vishnu, mostly in the wee hours of the morning.
On this day, the Vaikuntha Dwaram or the Vaikuntha Vaasal, 'The Gates of Vaikunta' are believed to be kept open. The area encircling the sanctum is referred to Vaikuntha Vaasal and devotees throng to gain entry into the temple, to seek Vishnu...

Celebrations

Sri Rangam

Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam Vaikuntha Ekadashi celebrations in Srirangam last 20 days, divided into two parts: pagal pathu (morning part 10 days) and Ira pathu (night part 10 days). Vishnu as Lord Ranganatha Moolavar will bless devotees in 'Muthangi' an armor of Pearls on all 20 days. On the 10th day of Pagal Pathu (previous day of Vaikuntha Ekadashi) Utsavar Namperumal will blesss devotees in Mohini Alankaram.
On Vaikuntha Ekadashi very early morning, Utsavar Namperumal will bless devotees in an armor of diamonds (rathnaangi) and brought to the Thousand-Pillared Hall from the sanctum sanctorum through the northern gate known as Paramapada Vasal, the gate to Vaikuntha. This gate is opened once in a year, only on the Vaikuntha Ekadashi day. It is said that any one who goes through the Paramapada Vasal will reach vaikuntham. On the 8th day of Irapathu Namperumal will bless devotees in Golden Horse Vahanam in the evening & Thirumangai Mannan Vedupari Ritual will be held

Tirupati

Tirumala Venkateswara Temple also has a similar concept to celebrate Mukkoti Ekadashi, as it is known in the Telugu-speaking regions. Tirumala has a special entrance called Vaikuntha Dwaram that encircles the sanctum sanctorum. The dwaram (passage) is opened only on Vaikuntha Ekadashi and it is believed that any person who passes through this `Vaikuntha Dwaram' on this particular day attains salvation.^[7] The temple witnesses heavy inflow of pilgrims and dignitaries for Vaikuntha Ekadashi. All Arjitha sevas are cancelled on this day, including VIP darshan and only Sarva Darshanam is allowed on Vaikunta Ekadashi except VVIP's. No Online Bookings are permitted on this day. Privileged darshan formats are stopped during this period.

admin 27 Mar, 2018 | Updated on: December 11, 2018

Shiva Temples in Uttarakhand

I bow down to that three-eyed Lord Shiva, who is full of sweet fragrance,
Who nourishes the human beings.
May he free me from the bondage of worldly desires and death,
Just as a ripe cucumber fruit is separated from the creeper.
May I be fixed in Immortality!

This is the Maha Mrityunjay Mantra of Lord Shiva, muttering which 108 times one can get blessed with immortality or can escape from rebirth. Shiva, the hero of Hindu Mythology, has appeared in several forms in popular religious beliefs. While in the Puranas, he is referred to as the destroyer of evils and represents one among the three primary aspects of the Trinity, in folklores and legends, he has been depicted more as a general householder who has flaws and follies just like common men. However, Shiva in both these avatars has one thing in common and that is his residence, which has been known to be on the Himalaya. To mark his divine presence in Himalaya a number of temples are built at different heights which are rich in architectural grandeur and lets one feel the existence of that supreme soul inevitably.

Also Read: Pilgrimage Sites in Garhwal Himalaya

Here are the most popular Shiva Temples found in Dev Bhumi Uttarakhand which speak about the thousand years old tales connected to this mystical land:

Agasteshwar Mahadev, Rudraprayag

Located at a distance of 18 km from Rudraprayag, Agasteshwar Mahadev Temple is a popular pilgrimage destination on the bank of river Mandakini. Located at a picture perfect location, the temple presents a breathtaking milieu to meditate and seek mental peace. The temple is also known as Agastyamuni Temple and it is believed that the great sage Agastya meditated here for a couple of years. Every year during Baisakhi, a grand fair takes place here.

Baijnath Temple, Baijnath

Located in Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand, Baijnath is a small town popular for its ancient Mahadeva Temple. The holy River Gomati flows by this town making it an impeccable spot to seek mental peace. The temple is at a distance of 16 km from Kausani and encompasses a couple of temples dedicated to other deities. Kot Bhramari Devi temple, a famous Shakta seat is found at a distance of 2 km from the temple. Devotees should remember that instead of the face, the back side of the deity is worshipped here.

Baghnath Temple, Bageshwar

The literal meaning of Baghnath is the master of Tiger. As Shiva is found seated on a tiger skin, he is also known as Baghnath. The temple stands on the confluence of Gomti and Sarayu Rivers at a distance of 90 km from Almora, a famous hill station of Uttarakhand. During the holy month of Shravana devotees give a visit to this temple to pay their homage to Shiva, the rescuer. The temples around Baghnath are Durga temple, Dattatrey Maharaj, Hanuman temple, Kalika temple, Ganga Mai temple, Panchnam Junakhara, Thingal Bhairav temple, and the Vaneswar temple.

Also Read: Famous Devi Temples in Uttarakhand

Baleshwar Temple, Champawat

Located in the heart of the city Champawat in the state of Uttarakhand, Baleshwar is a small temple situated at a distance of approx 74 km from Pithoragarh district. The temple of Shiva in Baleshwar dates back to 10th – 12th century and depicts a wonderful work of art on its walls and pillars. Along with Baleshwar, the temple compound also encloses the seats of Ratneshwar and Champawati Durga. Shivaratri festival is the most important celebration in Baleshwar temple.

Binsar Mahadev Temple, Chamoli

A mid altitude temple perched 2480 m above sea level, Binsar Mahadev Temple is surrounded by the natural majesty of thick Deodar forest in Chamoli, Uttarakhand. The awe-inspiring hill station of Uttarakhand, Ranikhet is only 19 km from this temple. The belief goes that the temple was built in a single day. On Vaikunth Chaturdashi ladies pay homage to this temple wishing good health of their kids and prosperity of their family. Cleanliness of the temples vicinity and fresh green background add to the exclusiveness of this temple.

Budha Kedar Temple, Tehri Garhwal

A calm and composed place in Tehri Garhwal district in the state of Uttarakhand, Buda Kedar is blessed by the existence of this holy temple. The temple dates back to the days of the Mahabharata and has its association with the Pandavas of Mahabharata. The temple is around 59 km from New Tehri and surrounded by the lofty hills covered with thick deodar forest. The temple gets more importance for standing by the confluence of river Bal Ganga and Dharam Ganga. The Shiva Linga found in this temple is believed to be the biggest in Northern India.

Gananath Temple, Almora

A popular cave temple of Lord Shiva, Gananath is situated near Satrali village (Takula) at a height of 2116 m above sea level. The temple is at a distance of around 47 km from Almora and is thronged by people during the fair held on the occasion of Kartik Purnima. The fair is popular among the locals for its pomp and fervour. Rhythmic hymns, appealing songs and fascinating folk dance fill the air of the temple echoing with these joyous sounds.

Gopinath Temple, Chamoli

A must see temple in Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand, Gopinath temple is the witness to several myths and legends. The temple is located at a distance of around 3 km from the main town Chamoil. The temple stands apart for its unique worshipping style, as unlike the common Shiva temple, milk and water are not poured upon the Linga, instead only Billapatra (leaves of aegle marmelos) are offered on the Linga. It is said that in ancient times a cow used to bathe the Shiva Linga everyday with her milk. Witnessing this, the king of Katyuri Dynasty built the temple.

Jageshwar Temple, Almora

A 2500 years old temple complex standing in all its glory with intricate designs on its exteriors, Jageshwar is located at a distance of 37 km from Almora. Surrounded by spectacular natural views at the backdrop, this temple vicinity can be an ideal retreat for those who are looking for mental peace. On normal days the temple complex remains less crowded. Folks, who love to explore architectural grandeur, must see the site to get better knowledge about the different dynasties who became the patron of the temple. Other than the abode of Shiva, the complex also houses a couple of other temples dedicated to Mrityunjay Mahadev, Surya, Chandika, Kuber, Nau Durga, Nav Graha and some other popular Hindu deities.

Maha Mrityunjaya Temple, Jageshwar

One of the oldest and most popular seats of Lord Shiva found in Uttarakhand state, Maha Mrityunjay temple is located in the vicinity of Jageshwar. The lingam of Lord Mahadev, found in this temple looks unique for its eye shaped opening. It is believed that people chanting the Mrityunjay Mantra get relief from the fear of death and gain immortality.

Kalpeshwar Mahadev Temple, Urgam Valley

Popular as one of the Panch Kedars found in Dev Bhumi Uttarakhand, Kalpeshwar Mahadev Temple is situated at a height of 2200 km above sea level. Joshimath is around 25 km from the temple and Auli is just 2 km away. The temple is located in Urgam Valley where the spectacular Himalayan landscape enhances the beauty of the place. Here, it should be mentioned that this is the only Kedar temple which can be visited throughout the year.

Kamleshwar Mahadev Temple, Srinagar

A small temple with a mysterious background, Kamleshwar Mahadev Temple is situated in Pauri Garhwal region of Srinagar, Uttarakhand. The temple is the centre of a number of popular beliefs one of which says that during the Kartika Chaturdashi if a childless couple stands in front of the temple and spends the entire night holding an earthen lamp they will be blessed with a child. During Achra Saptami, i.e., the second day after Vasant Panchami, 52 types of dishes are offered to the deity.

Kapileshwar Mahadev Temple, Pithoragarh

A popular cave temple in the Soar Valley nearby Thakaura Village, Kapileshwar Mahadev is situated at a distance of 3 km from Pithoragarh district. Lofty mountain ranges coated with thick green vegetation surround the temple from all sides. Witnessing the fascinating sight of Soar Valley will be worth it. It is believed that Sage Kapila meditated here.

Also Read: Meet The Five Confluences of Spirituality – Panch Prayag

Kedarnath Temple, Rudraprayag

One of the main attractions of Chota Chardham Yatra and the most important Shiva temples in Uttarakhand, Kedarnath Temple is located at a height of 3586 m above sea level. The temple is located in an awe-inspiring setting enhanced by the panoramic views of the mighty Himalaya. It is believed that the original temple was built by the Pandavas of Mahabharata. The temple remains open only during summer and in winter season the idols are taken out to Ukimath as the way to the former temple remains totally blocked by snow.

Koteshwar Mahadev Temple, Rudraprayag

Located at a distance of only 3 km from Rudraprayag Town, Koteshwar is a divine destination near Alakananda River. It is believed that Lord Shiva meditated in the cave of Kotehwar Temple to get rid of Bhasmasur. Though a well constructed temple stands at the vicinity of Koteshwar, the central deity Shiva is worshipped only in the natural cave.

Kranteshwar Mahadev Temple, Champawat

Kranteshwar Mahadev Temple which is popularly known as the Kandev or Kurmapad Temple is located on a hill top to the east of Champawat town in Uttarakhand. The temple is around 6 km from the main town and situated at an elevation of around 6000 m above sea level.

Lakha Mandal Temple, Dehradun

A popular pilgrimage spot in Dehradun district in the state of Uttarakhand, Lakha Mandal is located on the outskirts of Dehradun town at a distance of approx 75 km. The temple depicts wonderful work of art on its walls and is surrounded by a couple of small and large shrines. There are a good number of Lingams, statues and inscriptions found in the temple vicinity. It is believed that the eldest of the Kaurava brothers, Duryodhana made the Lakshagriha in this place to burn the Pandavas alive. It is believed that the devotees visiting the temple get relief from misfortune.

Madhyamaheshwar Temple, Rudraprayag

Madmaheshwar or Madhyamaheshwar is a quaint holy spot at a distance of 46 km from Rudraprayag. The temple stands second on the Panch Kedar pilgrimage circuit. The temple is situated at a height of 3265 m above sea level and looks immensely beautiful for the presence of the snow capped Himalaya on the right side. A navel shaped lingam of Lord Shiva is worshipped here. The architectural design of the temple depicts classic North-Indian style and mesmerizes the visitors with its scenic view.

Mukteshwar Temple, Nainital

51 km from the lake town Nainital, Mukteshwar is a holy town sanctified by the presence of Lord Mukteshwar Mahadev. The temple is located at a height of 2286 m above sea level in Kumaon Hills in the state of Uttarakhand. The Shiva Lingam of the temple is surrounded by the idols of Vishnu, Brahma, Ganesh, Nandi and Parvati. The famous rock climbing site Chauli ki Jali is located very close to the temple.

Neelkanth Mahadev Temple, Rishikesh

22 km from Laxmanjhula and 32 km from Rishikesh, Neelkanth Mahadev temple is located in Pauri Garhwal district of Rishikesh. The temple is surrounded by thick forest and stands close to the mountain ranges of Nar-Narayan. It is said that during the sea-churning (Samudra Manthana) performed by deities and demons, initially poisons in huge amount came out and there was none to control it. Shiva, the saviour then drank all the poison which made his throat completely blue. The shikhara of the temples depicts the same through wonderful carvings on it.

Omkareshwar Temple, Ukhimath

The winter home of Lord Kedarnath and Madhyamaheshwar, Omkareshwar Temple is located in Ukhimath of Rudraprayag town at an elevation of 1317m above sea level. The temple looks fascinating for its impressive architectural grandeur and hue of colours. During winter season when the main temples of Tungnath, Kedarnath and Madmaheshwar start sinking under snow, the deities are brought to Omkareshwar Temple on palanquins.

Pancheshwar Temple, Champawat

Located at the holy confluence of Sarayu and Kali rivers, Pancheshwar is a small temple in Champavat city of Uttarakhand. 40km from Lohaghat, the temple is located at the base of the mighty Himalayan ranges on a very calm and composed spot. Tourist should remember that Pancheshwar forms the border of Nepal.

Patal Bhuvaneshwar Temple, Pithoragarh

A limestone cave temple connected with several mysterious tales and beliefs, the abode of Patal Bhubaneshwar is located at a distance of 13 km from Gangolihat in Pithoragarh district. Situated at a height of 1350 m above sea level, the cave is believed to be the seat of 33 Crore deities. This mystical cave temple is around 160 m long and 90 feet deep. Several rock formations found inside the temple depict various stalagmite figures. A number of mystical things like the tongue of Kal Bhairav, Airavat of Indra, matted lock of Shiva and a couple of such surprising things are found inside the temple.

Rameshwar Temple, Rishikesh

A vibrant temple of Lord Shiva near Ram Jhoola in Rishikesh, Rameshwar temple is popular among the local devotees. The Shikhara of the temple looks stunning from afar for its unique colour combination. The architecture of the temple looks modern and simple.

Rudranath Temple, Chamoli

One of the five interrelated spots of the popular Panch Kedar, Rudranath Temple is situated in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. The route to the temple is a little treacherous and considered to be the toughest among the five temples. The idol of Shiva remains covered with a mask which makes his look angry. However, during his daily bath when priests take off the mask his actual pleasing look can be witnessed. By the Rudranath Temple, the holy river Rudraganga flows which is also known as Vaitarani.

Someshwar Temple, Kausani

A quaint village with calm and composed environment, Someshwar is blessed with the presence of this sacred temple. It is around 11 km from the beautiful hill station Kausani. The temple is located on the Kausani – Almora road. People often believe that it is one among the 12 Jyotirlingas. The temples date back to the beginning of the 17th century and the idols are believed to belong to a period between 7th and 16th century AD.

Tapkeshwar Mahadev Temple, Dehradun

Around 6.5 km from the central town of Dehradun, the seat of Tapkeshwar Mahadev is a picturesque spot to visit for worshipping Lord Shiva. In Hindi, ‘Tapak’ means drip and here in one of its cave temples water drops naturally trickle down on the Shivalinga. Owing to this natural wonder, the deity is believed to be named Tapkeshwar Mahadev. This is the cave where Drona, the teacher of the Pandavas and the Kauravas used to reside with his family.

Trijuginarayan Temple, Rudraprayag

Located in Triyuginarayan village of Rudraprayag district, this shrine is a very sacred place to visit. Though the temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva is also worshipped here. The devotees held the belief that Shiva and Parvati got married in this temple. The temple is known as Akhand Dhuni Temple which means a flame keeps on burning here inconsistently. It is believed that the fire is burning since the last three Yugas. In the temple courtyard there is a source of water (stream) that feeds four nearby ponds.

Tungnath Temple, Chopta

Claimed as the highest Shiva temple in the world, Tungnath is located at an elevation of 3,680 m just below the peak of Chandrashila. It is one of the Panch Kedars and visited by devotees in search of good fortune. It is said that the temple is constructed by Arjuna, the third of the Pandavas. During winter season, the idols are moved to Mukunath. The architectural design of the temple has high resemblance with Kedarnath, Madhyamaheshwar and Guptakashi.

Bineshwar Mahadev Temple, Binsar

A 16th century temple designed with magnificent architectural excellence, Bineshwar Mahadev Temple is located in Binsar. Here the central deity is Lord Shiva. It is believed that Binsar, the captivating hill station of Uttarakhand is named after this holy shrine. The temple is constructed by King Kalyan Chand of Chand Raja Dynasty. It is a nice halt for travellers who are heading to Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary.

Vishwanath Temple, Guptkashi

Guptkashi is a popular religious spot in Uttarakhand state where the seat of Vishwanath, the master of Universe is situated. The temple of Vishwanath is located on the way to Kedarnath. It has religious significance just like the temple of Kashi Vishwanath in Varanasi. It is said that Shiva proposed to Parvati in this place before commencing their marriage in Trijuginath. The temple looks impressive for the presence of snow packed mountain peaks of Chaukhamba.

Vishwanath Temple, Uttarkashi

Located on the Rishikesh – Gangotri route, Uttarkashi is the gateway to the holy temple of deity Ganga (Gangotri). The temple of Lord Vishwanath is located in this serene location. Inside the temple complex, there are smaller shrines dedicated to Shakti. There is a giant brass trident in the temple premise which is inscribed with the description how the temple was built. Devotees approaching towards Gangotri temple can visit the temple of Vishwanath in the evening when the temple premise echoes with the sound of rhythmic chanting of Purohit and the sound of bell enhances the divine feel.

Vriddha Jageshwar, Almora

Popularly known as the temple of Bara Jageshwar, this holy shrine of Lord Shiva is located 3km uphill from Jageshwar which is around 37 km from Almora. Lord Shiva is worshipped here in the form of an aged man. Just like Jageshwar, this shrine is also surrounded by dense Deodar forest and experiences salubrious weather all through the year. There is another temple in between Jageshwar and Vriddha Jageshwar, which is known as Baal Jageshwar.
There are several anonymous temples inside the caves and folds of the Himalaya which are the centres of several untold mysteries. Devotees from across the world pay visit to these temples to get blessed with good fortune. However, those who would love to go adventurous along with paying homage to the deity; the temple of Panch kedar is an unbeatable option for those fun loving souls. Moving over the arduous route when one reaches the abode of serenity the soul gets imbibed with divine pleasure of meeting the Supreme Being. Moreover, the presence of most of these temples by the cascading riverside lets one feel captivated with the charisma of sheer divinity.